北極地區因覆冰溶解以及所蘊藏的豐富資源而使得其重要性日益增加，也使得北極國家逐漸將其注意力放在該地區之上，本文主旨在運用國際關係中的新古典現實主義來探討北冰洋五國：俄羅斯、美國、挪威、加拿大以及丹麥在北極地區利益、政策上的差異，並藉此驗證新古典現實主義對國際政治的解釋能力。首先本文對北極地區議題產生的背景進行分析，並藉由各種指標的評比之後將北極地區的區域體系認定為一由美國及俄羅斯所組成的兩極體系。接著藉由國內層次的分析來探討國內因素對北冰洋五國的北極政策所產生的影響。最後檢視北極地區兩個重要的國際建制：聯合國海洋法公約以及北極理事會探討北冰洋五國如何利用來做為其作為追求自身利益的工具。

The Arctic region becomes more and more important because of ice melting and its abundant resources. As the result, the Arctic states start to draw their attention to this region. This thesis studies the differences, the arctic policy and the Arctic interests of the five coastal states of the Arctic Ocean by using Neoclassical realism approach; and at the meantime, examines the explanatory ability of Neoclassical realism approach to the international politics by case studying of the Arctic policy of the five Arctic coastal states. Firstly, this thesis analyzes the background of the arctic issue and presumes the regional system of Arctic region as a bipolar system constructed by Russia and America. Sequentially, through the analysis of the Arctic policy of the five Arctic coastal states at the domestic-level, to see how the domestic factors impact the arctic policy of the five Arctic coastal states. Lastly, to see how these states use two crucial international regimes in Arctic region: the Arctic Council and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as a means to pursue their interests in the arctic region by examining these two regimes in detail.

第一章 緒論...............................................................................................................1
第一節 研究動機與目的...............................................................................................1
第二節 文獻回顧.........................................................................................................6
第三節 研究方法與途徑.............................................................................................14
第四節 研究範圍與限制.............................................................................................23
第五節 章節安排.......................................................................................................31
第二章 北極地區爭議之緣起.......................................................................................32
第一節 北極地區的地理環境.......................................................................................32
第二節 北極地區的資源價值.......................................................................................35
第三節 北極地區的航運資源……................................................................................41
第四節 北極地區的區域體系結構………………………...…………....................……..……58
第三章 俄羅斯與美國的北極政策................................................................................76
第一節 俄羅斯的北極政策..........................................................................................76
第二節 美國的北極政策............................................................................................100
第四章 挪威、加拿大與丹麥的北極政策.....................................................................121
第一節 挪威的北極政策............................................................................................121
第二節 加拿大的北極政策........................................................................................141
第三節 丹麥的北極政策............................................................................................167
第五章 北極地區的國際建制.....................................................................................180
第一節 聯合國海洋法公約........................................................................................180
第二節 北極理事會………........................................................................................191
第六章 結論............................................................................................................195
參考文獻................................................................................................................206

一、中文書籍
毛慶生、朱敬一、林全、許松根、陳昭南、陳添枝、黃朝熙，2001，《經濟學》，台北市：華泰。
吳玉山，2000，《俄羅斯轉型1992-1999 : 一個政治經濟學的分析》，台北市：五南。
林碧炤，1997，《國際政治與外交政策》，臺北市：五南，230。
俞寬賜，2002，《國際法新論》，台北縣：啟英文化。
姜皇池，2004，《國際海洋法》，臺北市：學林文化。
胡祖慶譯，Kenneth N. Waltz原著，1997，《國際政治體系理論解析》，台北市：麥格羅希爾。
高德源譯，Jack Donnelly原著，2002，《現實主義與國際關係》，台北縣中和市：旭昇。
張亞中、左正東主編，2011，《國際關係總論》，新北市:揚智文化。
陸俊元，2010，《北極地緣政治與中國應對》，北京市：時事。
葉至誠，2009，《社會科學概論》，台北市：揚智文化。
二、中文期刊
王猛，2010，〈索馬里海盜問題與國際社會的應對〉，《現代國際關係》，2010(8): 17-23。
李偉芳、吳迪，2010，〈東亞主要國家與發展中的北極理事會關系分析〉，《國際展望》，2010(6): 81-97。
周文彪，2010，〈麻六甲海盜問題的歷史與現狀〉，《武漢航海職業技術學院學報》，5(3): 33-38。
林挺生、Fredéric Lasserre、Stephane Roussel，2012，〈加拿大面對的北極挑戰：主權、安全與認同〉，《國際展望》，2012(2): 118-137。
中國國家海洋局極地考察辦公室譯，2009，〈2020年前俄羅斯聯邦北極地區國家政策原則及遠景規劃〉，《國外極地考察信息彙編》，15: 17-22。
張俠、劉玉新、淩曉良、顏其德、屠景芳，2008，〈北極地區人口數量、組成與分佈〉，《世界地理研究》，17(4):132-141。
莫大華，2000，〈國際關係理論大辯論研究的評析〉，《問題與研究》，39(12):65-90。
許菁芸、宋鎮照，2011，〈俄羅斯的民主抉擇與統治菁英權力結構變化〉，《東吳政治學報》，29(4): 117-175。
郭培清、管清蕾，2009，〈北方海航道政治與法律問題探析〉，《中國海洋大學學報社會科學版》，2009(4): 1-5。
萬征、劉志斌，2005，〈未來物流新格局—關於開闢北極新航線和建立北極大平臺的構想〉，《商場現代化》，447: 3-5。
趙國材，2011，〈論北冰洋之爭議〉，《軍法專刊》，57(3): 164-215。
劉江萍、郭培清，2010，〈加拿大對西北航道主權控制的法律依據分析〉，《青島行政學院學報》，2010(2): 102-105。
劉新華，2009，〈試析俄羅斯的北極戰略〉，《東北亞論壇》，18(6): 63-69。
蔡明彥、李玫憲，2011，〈北冰洋安全問題與區域安全治理之挑戰〉，《東吳政治學報》，29(1): 113-177。
鄭端耀，2005，〈國際關係新古典現實主義理論〉，《問題與研究》，44(1):115-140。
盧景美、邵滋軍、房殿勇、王欣然，2010，〈北極圈油氣資源潛力分析〉，《資源與產業》，12(4): 29-33。
龍村倪，2007，〈北極光下的寶藏-北冰洋新論〉，《鑛冶：中國鑛冶工程學會會刊》，51(4):14-29。
蘇芳誼，2009，〈格陵蘭的自治公投〉，《新世紀智庫論壇》，48: 33-36。
三、中文論文
戴宗翰，2011，〈北極圈海域爭端之研究-Waltz結構現實主義理論之檢視與評析〉，中國文化大學政治學系博士學位論文。
四、中文網路資料
中華人民共和國國土資源部，2012，〈北極的礦產資源〉，中華人民共和國國土資源部：http://big5.mlr.gov.cn/kpyd/kcqs/201203/t20120327_1077631.htm，檢索日期：2013年2月15日。
世界銀行，2013，〈數據：GDP〉，世界銀行：http://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD，檢索日期：2013年4月18日。
海盜資訊，2003，〈麻六甲海峽海盜橫行.海巡署公布東南亞海盜橫行區籲船隻通過或停泊要提高警覺〉，行政院海岸巡防署海岸巡防總局：http://www.hakka.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=7696&ctNode=515&mp=298，檢索日期：2012年11月14日。
逢甲大學台俄技術交流中心，〈俄羅斯主要產業概況〉，逢甲大學台俄技術交流中心：http://www.trtt.fcu.edu.tw/education_01.php?third_menu_id=4&main_menu_id=4，檢索日期：2013年4月18日。
五、英文書籍
Byers, Michael. 2009. Who Owns the Arctic? Understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North. Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre.
Christensen, Thomas J. 1996. Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947-1958. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Donnelly, Jack. 2000. Realism and international relations. New York : Cambridge University Press.
Emmerson, Charles. 2010. The Future History of the Arctic: How Climate, Resources and Geopolitics are Reshaping the North, and Why it Matters to the World. London: Vintage books.
Howard, Roger. 2009. The Arctic Gold Rush: The New Race for Tomorrow's Natural Resources. London : Continuum.
Kitagawa, Hiromitsu. 2007. The Northern Sea Route-The shortest sea route linking East Asia and Europe. Tokyo: Ship & Ocean Foundation.
Prizel, Ilya. 1998. National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rothwell, Donald. 1996. The Polar Regions and the Development of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rowe, Elana Wilson. 2009. Russia and the North. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
Stabrun, Kristoffer. 2009. The Grey Zone Agreement of 1978 Fishery Concerns, Security Challenges and Territorial Interests Lysaker: Fridtjof Nansen Institute.
Walsh, John E. , eds. 2006. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment - Scientific Report. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of international politics. New York : McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Young, Oran R. 1992. Arctic Politics: Conflict and Cooperation in the Circumpolar North. Hanover: University Press of New England [for] Dartmouth College.
Zakaria, Fareed. 1998. From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
六、英文專書篇章
Worm, Adam. 2011. “Arctic Security: A Greenlandic Perspective.” In Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change, James Kraska. New York : Cambridge University Press, 166-173.
Vilhjálmsson, Hjálmar and Alf Håkon Hoel. 2005. “Fisheries and Aquaculture.” In ACIA Scientific report, eds. Robert Corell, Pål Prestrud. New York: Cambridge University Press, 692-772.
Zysk, Katarzyna. 2011. “Military Aspects of Russia's Arctic Policy.” In Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change, James Kraska. New York : Cambridge University Press, 85-106.
Govella, Kristi and Vinod K. Aggarwal. 2012. “The Fall of the Soviet Union and the Resurgence of Russi.” In Responding to a Resurgent Russia: Russian policy and responses from the European Union and the United States, eds. Vinod K. Aggarwal, Kristi Govella. New York, NY : Springer Science Business Media, 1-13.
Ignatieff, Michael. 2005. “Introduction: American Exceptionalism and Human Rights.” In American Exceptionalism and Human Rights. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1-26.
Baev, Pavel K. 2009. “Troublemaking and Risk-taking: The North in Russian Military Activities.” In Russia and the North. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 17-34.
Huebert, Rob. 2011. “Canada and the Newly Emerging International Arctic Security Regime.” In Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change. New York : Cambridge University Press, 193-217.
Tamnes, Rolf. 2011. “Arctic Security and Norway.” In Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change, James Kraska. New York : Cambridge University Press, 47-63.
七、英文期刊
Acfves, William J. 1996. “The Freedom of Navigation Program: A Study of the Relationship Between Law and Politics.” Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 19(2): 259-326.
Åtland, Kristian. 2011. “Russia's Armed Forces and the Arctic: All Quiet on the Northern Front?” Contemporary Security Policy 32(2): 267-285.
Bergh, Kristofer. 2012. “The Arctic Policies of Canada and the United States: Domestic Motives and International Context.” SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security 2012(1): 1-19.
Blunden, Margaret. 2012. “Geopolitics and the Northern Sea Route.” International Affairs 88(1): 115-129.
Borgerson, Scott G. 2008. “Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming ” Foreign Affairs 2008(4): 63-77.
Brosnan, Ian G., Thomas M. Leschine, Edward L. Miles. 2011. “Cooperation or Conflict in a Changing Arctic” Ocean Development & International Law 42(2): 173-210.
Brubaker, R. Douglas, Willy Ostreng. 1999. “The Northern Sea Route Regime: Exquisite Superpower Subterfuge” Ocean Development & International Law 30(4): 299-331.
Cukrowski, Jacek. 2007. “Russian oil: the role of the sector in Russia's economy.” Post-Communist Economies 16(3): 285-296.
Elliot-Meisel, Elizabeth. 2009. “Politics, Pride, and Precedent: The United States and Canada in the Northwest Passage.” Ocean Development & International Law 40(2): 204-232.
Franckx, Erik. 2012. “The Legal Regime of Navigation in the Russian Arctic” Journal of Transnational Law & Policy 18(2): 327-342.
Gautier, Donald L.,Kenneth J. Bird, Ronald R. Charpentier, eds. 2009. “Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas in the Arctic” Science 324(5931): 1175-1179.
Gray, David H. 1997. “Canada's Unresolved Maritime Boundaries” Boundary & Security Bulletin 5(3): 61–70.
Hoel, Alf Håkon. 2009. “Do We Need a New Legal Regime for the Arctic Ocean?.” The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 24(2): 443-456.
Hønneland, Geir. 2010. “Enforcement Co-operation between Norway and Russia in the Barents Sea Fisheries.” Ocean Development & International Law 31(3): 249-267.
Huebert, Rob. 2009. “United States Arctic Policy: The Reluctant Arctic Power.” SPP Briefing Papers 2(2): 1-27.
Isted, Kathryn. 2009. “Sovereignty in the Arctic: an Analysis of Territorial Disputes & Environmental Policy considerations.” Journal of Transnational Law & Policy 18(2): 344-376.
J. Hansen, R. Ruedy, M. Sato, K. Lo. 2010. “Global Surface Temperature Change.” Reviews of Geophysics 48(4): 1-29.
Jensen, Leif Christian. 2007. “Petroleum Discourse in the European Arctic: the Norwegian Case.” Polar Record 43(3): 247-254.
Knudsen, Olav F.1990. “Norway: Domestically Driven Foreign Policy.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 512(1): 101-115.
Krafft, Mahealani. 2009. “Northwest Passage: Analysis of the Legal Status and Implications of Its Potential Use.” Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 40(4): 537-578.
Legro, Jeffrey W. and Andrew Moravcsik. 1999. “Is Anybody Still a Realist?” International Security 24(2): 5-55.
Liua, Miaojia, Jacob Kronbak. 2010. “The potential economic viability of using the Northern Sea Route (NSR) as an alternative route between Asia and Europe.” Journal of Transport Geography 18(3): 434–444.
Manicom, James. 2013. “Identity Politics and the Russia-Canada Continental Shelf Dispute: an Impediment to Cooperation?” Geopolitics 18(1): 60-76.
Matz-Lück, Nele. 2009. “Planting the Flag in Arctic Waters: Russia’s Claim to the North Pole.” Göttingen Journal of International Law 1(2): 235-255.
Mcdorman, Ted L. 2009. “The Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nm: Law And Politics In The Arctic Ocean” Journal of transnational law & policy 18(2): 155-194.
Offerdal, Kristine. 2009. “The European Arctic in US Foreign Energy Policy: The Case of the Norwegian High North.” Polar Record 45(1): 59-71.
Offerdal, Kristine. 2010. “Arctic Energy in EU Policy: Arbitrary Interest in the Norwegian High North.” ARCTIC 63(1): 30-42.
Øverland, Indra. 2010. “Russia's Arctic Energy Policy.” International Journal 65(4): 865-878.
Pedersen, Torbjørn. 2009. “Denmark’s Policies Toward the Svalbard Area.” Ocean Development & International Law 40(4): 319-332.
Pharand, Donat. 2007. “The Arctic Waters and the Northwest Passage: a Final Revisit.” Ocean Development & International Law 38(1-2): 3-69.
Riddell-Dixon, Elizabeth. 2008. “Canada and Arctic Politics: The Continental Shelf Extension” Ocean Development & International Law 39(4): 343–359.
Roi, Michael L. 2010. “Russia: The Greatest Arctic Power?” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 23(4): 551-573.
Rontoyanni, Clelia. 2002. “So far, so good? Russia and the ESDP.” International Affairs 78(4): 813-830.
Rose, Gideon. 1998. “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy.” World Politics 51(1): 144-172
Savic, Iva. 2010. “Rethinking Russia : The Russian Soldier Today.” Journal of International Affairs 63(2): 219-229.
Sciullo, Nick J. 2008. “Cooperation, Conflict, and Canadian Identity in the Interpretation of the Arctic Region” Crossroads 8(1): 93-109.
Sydnes, Are Kristoffer and Maria Sydnes. 2013. “Norwegian–Russian Cooperation on Oil-Spill Response in the Barents Sea.” Marine Policy 43: 257-264.
Thurber, Mark C., David R. Hults, Patrick R.P. Heller. 2011. “Exporting the Norwegian Model: The effect of administrative design on oil sector performance.” Energy Policy 39(9): 1-13.
Treves, Tullio. 2006. “The Settlement of Disputes under the Law of the Sea Convention—Questions in Light of the United States Position.” Journal of European and American Studies 36(3): 395-425.
Watson, Molly. 2009. “An Arctic Treaty: a Solution to the International Dispute Over the Polar Region” Ocean & Coastal Law Journal 14(2): 307-334.
Wegge, Njord. 2011. “The political order in the Arctic: power structures, regimes and influence” Polar Record 47(2): 165-176.
Xu, Hua, Zhifang Yin, Dashan Jia, Fengjun Jin, and Hua Ouyang. 2011. “The Potential Seasonal Alternative of Asia-Europe Container Service Via Northern Sea Route Under the Arctic Sea Ice.” Maritime Policy & Management 38(5): 541-560.
Young, Oran R. 2009. “Whither the Arctic? Conflict or cooperation in the circumpolar north” Polar Record 45(1): 73-82.
八、英文網路資料
Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. 2010. “Hans Island. http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/194401 (July 28, 2013).
Admiral Danish Fleet. 2013. “Ocean Patrol Vessels, KNUD RASMUSSEN-Class.” August 7. http://forsvaret.dk/SOK/eng/About/Ships/Pages/07Inspektionsfartoejer.aspx (August 7, 2013).
Admiral Danish Fleet. 2013. “Ocean Patrol Vessels, THETIS-class.” August 7. http://forsvaret.dk/SOK/eng/About/Ships/Pages/05Inspektionsskibe.aspx (August 7, 2013).
Arctic council. 2011. “Observers.” April 27. http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us/arctic-council/observers (A, 2013).
Arctic Report Card. 2012. “Sea Ice.” September 7. http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/sea_ice.html (December 22, 2012)
Arctic Stat Socioecomonic Circumpolar Database. 2013. “Circumpolar Arctic Map.” http://www.arcticstat.org/map.aspx (January 21, 2013).
BBC News. 2007. “Russia plants flag under N Pole.” August 7. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6927395.stm (May 22, 2013).
Berkman, Paul Arthur, “Preventing an Arctic Cold War,＂The New York Times, 13 March, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp24dynnation/A1998-2000Apr23.html (September 28, 2013).
BP. 2012. “BP世界能源統計年鑑2012.” http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/china/bpchina_chinese/STAGING/local_assets/downloads_pdfs/Chinese_BP_StatsReview2012.pdf (January 27, 2013).
CBC News. 2007. “Broken ship halts Russian expedition to claim Arctic seabed.” July 25. http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2007/07/25/russia-arctic.html (May 27, 2013).
CBS News. 2012. “As Arctic ice cap melts, a new Cold War.” April 16. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57414522/as-arctic-ice-cap-melts-a-new-cold-war (September 28, 2013).
CIA: The World Fact Book. 2011. “Arctic Ocean”. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xq.html (April 16, 2012).
CIA: The World Fact Book. 2013. “Greenland.” July 8. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gl.html (August 4, 2013).
CNN. 2012. “Cold Wars: Battle for Arctic oil.” July 13. http://outfront.blogs.cnn.com/2012/07/13/cold-wars-battle-for-arctic-oil/ (September 28, 2013).
Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada 2012. “Canada and Kingdom of Denmark Reach Tentative Agreement on Lincoln Sea Boundary.” November 28. http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2012/11/28a.aspx (July 25, 2013).
Dufresne, Robert. 2008. “Controversial Canadian Claims over Arctic Waters and Maritime Zones.” January 10. http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0747-e.htm (December 22, 2012).
Forsvaret. 2013. “Joint Arctic Command.” June 16. http://www2.forsvaret.dk/viden_om2/Pages/AKOENG.aspx (August 7, 2013).
Fox News. 2012. “The new cold war: Militaries eying Arctic resources.” April 16. http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/04/16/new-cold-war-as-ice-cap-melts-militaries-vie-for-arctic-edge (September 28, 2013).
Gazprom. 2013. “Shtokman.” http://www.gazprom.com/about/production/projects/deposits/shp/ (May 25, 2013).
Global Fire Power. 2012. “Available Military Man Power by Country.” December. http://www.globalfirepower.com/available-military-manpower.asp (January 22, 2013).
Global Fire Power. 2012. “Defense Spanding by Country.” December. http://www.globalfirepower.com/defense-spending-budget.asp (January 22, 2013).
Global Fire Power. 2012. “Total Navy Ship Strength by Country.” December. http://www.globalfirepower.com/navy-ships.asp (January 22, 2013).
Global Fire Power. 2012. “Total Submarine Strength by Country.” December. http://www.globalfirepower.com/navy-submarines.asp (January 22, 2013).
Government.no. 2010. “Treaty on maritime delimitation and cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean signed today.” September 15. http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/smk/press-center/Press-releases/2010/treaty.html?id=614254 (May 30, 2013).
GRID-Arendal. 2007. “Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage compared with currently used shipping routes.” http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/northern-sea-route-and-the-northwest-passage-compared-with-currently-used-shipping-routes_1336 (November 13, 2012).
Krista Mahr, “Is the Arctic Headed for Another Cold War?,＂Time, 12 October, 2010, http://science.time.com/2010/10/12/is-the-arctic-headed-for-another-cold-war (September 28, 2013).
Liikennevirasto. 2011. “The World Icebreaker, Ice Breaking Supply and Research Vessel Fleet.” February. http://portal.liikennevirasto.fi/sivu/www/baltice/jaanmurtajalista.pdf (January 22, 2013).
Moskvitch Katia, “Russia to build biggest nuclear-powered icebreaker,＂BBC News, 12 September, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19576266 (June 03, 2013).
Mulherin, Nathan, Devinder Sodhi, and Elisabeth Smallidge. 1994. “Northern Sea Route and Icebreaking Technology: an Overview of Current Conditions.” United States Army Corps of Engineers. http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/library/crrelreports/NSR.pdf (December 12, 2012).
Neumann, Thilo. 2010. “Norway and Russia Agree on Maritime Boundary in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean.” November 10. http://www.asil.org/insights101108.cfm (June 25, 2013).
Royal Canadian Navy. 2013. “Fleet at a Glance.” http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/cms/1/1_eng.asp (January 27, 2013).
Russian Navy . 2013. “In-service ships.” http://www.navy.mil/navydata/nav_legacy.asp?id=146 (January 27, 2013).
Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, eds. 2007. “Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007.” http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/zh/spm.html (January 21, 2013).
Statsministeriet. 2013. “The Greenland Self-Government Arrangement.” January 3. http://www.stm.dk/_p_13090.html (August 5, 2013).
Stokke, Olav Schram. 2002. “Management of Shared Fish Stocks in the Barents Sea.” October. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4652e/y4652e0e.htm#fn60 (June 25, 2013).
The Association of Canada Lands Surveyors. 2008. “Canada/Denmark (Greenland) Demarcation and Hans Island.” November 24. http://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/books/7.7.jpg(October 20, 2013).
The Governor of Svalbard. 2012. “Historical background.” October 1. http://www.sysselmannen.no/en/Toppmeny/About-Svalbard/Historical-background/ (May 28, 2013).
The U.S. Navy. 2013. “Status of the NAVY.” http://www.navy.mil/navydata/nav_legacy.asp?id=146 (January 27, 2013).
The World Bank. 2013. “GDP.” June 18. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?page=3 (June 18, 2013).
The Zero Discharge Group. 2010. “Zero discharges to sea from the petroleum activities-Status and recommendations 2003.” December 28. http://www.norskoljeoggass.no/PageFiles/8807/Zero discharges to sea from the petroleum activities.pdf?epslanguage=no (July 1, 2013).
U.S. Board on Geographic Names. 2013. “Feature Detail Report for: Strait of Juan de Fuca.” July 23. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:2069930065588335::NO::P3_FID:1526614 (July 24, 2013).
U.S. Department of Defense. 2013. “Law of the Sea Convention: Top 10 National Security Benefits.” June 10. http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2012/0612_lawofsea/ASD-LOSC key natl sec benefits SHORT-14 June 2012-FINAL.pdf (June 10, 2013).
U.S. Department of State. 2013. “Maritime Security and Navigation.” June 13. http://www.state.gov/e/oes/ocns/opa/maritimesecurity/ (June 13, 2013).
U.S. Department of State. 2013. “Purchase of Alaska, 1867.” June 10. http://web.archive.org/web/20080410122537/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/gp/17662.htm (June 09, 2013).
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2009. “Arctic Oil and Natural Gas Potential.” October 19. http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/arctic/index.html (February 17, 2013).
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2013. “Natural Gas Futures Contract.” June 12. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/rngc1A.htm (June 18, 2013)
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2013. “NATURAL GAS: Prices.” March 29. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_nus_m.htm (April 18, 2013).
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2013. “Petroleum & Other Liquids Spot Prices.” June 12. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_d.htm (June 18, 2013)
University of Oslo – The Faculty of Law. 2013. “The Svalbard Treaty.” May 29. http://www.jus.uio.no/english/services/library/treaties/01/1-11/svalbard-treaty.xml (May 29, 2013).
Vernon Loeb, “Russia plants flag under N Pole,＂BBC News, 23 April, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6927395.stm (April 24, 2013).
Vladimir Milov. 2006. “The Use of Energy as a Political Tool.” May. http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=48826 (May 07, 2013).
World Stories: Young Voices. 2013. “Arctic”. http://www.brightonworldstories.org.uk/Arctic (October 17, 2013).
Worldsteel Association. 2013. “Crude steel production.” http://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/crude-steel-production.html (January 27, 2013).
九、英文官方文獻
An Act to Amend the Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 to Improve and Clarify Its Provisions. 1990. Statutes at Large. Vol. 104, p. 3125 - 3126.
Arctic Council. The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. 1998. AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues, Oslo: The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Arctic Research and Policy. 1997. United States Code. Title 15. Chapter. 67.
Canada's Northern Strategy. 2009. “Canada’s Northern Strategy Our North, Our Heritage, Our Future.” July 26. http://www.northernstrategy.gc.ca/cns/cns.pdf (July 18, 2013).
Department of NAVY. 2009. NAVY Arctic Road Map. Washington, D.C.: Department of NAVY.
Forsvarsministeriets Hjemmeside. 2012. Danish Defence Agreement 2010 – 2014. Copenhagen: Forsvarsministeriets Hjemmeside.
Henry A. Kissinger. 1971. National Security Decision Memorandum. 144. Washington, D.C.: National Security Council.
International Relation and Security Network. 2009. “Russia: National Security Strategy to 2020.” May 12. http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=en&id=154915 (June 13, 2013).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark (Udenrigsministeriet). 2011. Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands: Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011– 2020. Copenhagen: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark(Udenrigsministeriet).
Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2006. The Norwegian Government’s High North Strategy. Oslo: Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Parliament of Canada. Standing Senate Committee On Fisheries And Oceans. 2009. Controlling Canada’s Arctic Waters: Role of The Canadian Coast Guard. 40th Parliament., 2d Sess.
The White House. 1983. National Security Decision Directive number 90. Washington, D.C.: The White House.
The White House. 1990. National Security Directive 49. Washington, D.C.: The White House.
The White House. 1994. Presidential Decision Directive/NSC-26. Washington, D.C.: The White House.
The White House. 2009. National Security Presidential Directive/NSPD-66, Homeland Security Presidential Directive/HSPD- 25. Washington D.C.: The White House.
The White House. 2013. National Strategy for the Arctic Region. Washington, D.C.: The White House.
The World Economic Forum. 2011. “The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012” http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GCR_Report_2011-12.pdf (January 13, 2013).
U.S. Department of Defense. 2007. A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Defense.
U.S. Geological Survey. 2001. “Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1002 Area, Petroleum Assessment, 1998, Including Economic Analysis.” http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0028-01/fs-0028-01.pdf (August 17, 2013)
U.S. Geological Survey. 2008. “Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle.” http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf (January 22, 2013)
UN. International Law Commission. 1962. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1962 Volume II. Rept. A/CN.4/SER.A/1962/ADD.1.
United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 2007. Continental Shelf Submission of Norway in respect of areas in the Arctic Ocean, the Barents Sea and the Norwegian Sea Executive Summery. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 2001. Outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines: Submissions to the Commission: Submission by the Russian Federation. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 2007. Reaction of Russian Federation to the submission made by Norway to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 2006. Continental Shelf Submission of Norway in respect of areas in the Arctic Ocean, the Barents Sea and the Norwegian Sea: Executive Summary. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 2009. Partial Submission of the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with the Government of the Faroes to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf-The Continental Shelf North of the Faroe Islands: Executive Summary. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 2010. Partial Submission of the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with the Government of the Faroes to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf-The Continental Shelf North of the Faroe Islands: Executive Summary. New York: United Nations.
United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 2012. Partial Submission of the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with the Government of Greenland to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf-The Southern Continental Shelf of Greenland: Executive Summary. New York: United Nations.