歐洲聯盟（European Union，簡稱歐盟，EU）於近幾年來，對於安全與防禦方面的日趨重視，歐盟推動成員國政府間共同安全政策方面多項合作計畫，更是多於過去六十年間的數量，其執委會也不斷提到於現今歐盟面臨各種複雜的內外情勢下，國防與安全方面的合作的重要性比以往任何時候都重要。因此，本文透過Robert Keohane的國際機制之交易成本相關主張，探討歐盟所面臨的內外情勢對歐盟成員國政府於共同安全合作政策支持度高低之影響，以法國政府和波蘭政府作為共同安全政策支持度較高與支持度較低研究個案，於不同層面進行詳細分析。最後，本文冀望此兩個個案研究，能夠對歐盟研究中，於成員國政府於共同安全合作政策不同支持態度提出更深一步的解析，以做出貢獻。

The European Union (EU) as a regional organization has pursued more and more attention to achieve common defense and security policies in recent years. It has promoted a number of cooperation projects and plans in common defense and security policies between member governments. In the last ten years, the cooperation’s number has been growing more than in the past six decades. The European Commission has also repeatedly mentioned the significance of the cooperation in defense and security is more important than ever before particularly under the various complex internal and external situations faced by the EU nowadays. This study applies the transaction cost proposition of the international mechanism from Robert Keohane to explore the impact of the internal and external situations faced by the EU on the level support of the EU member states’ governments in the common defense and security policy. For the cases in the study, the French government is regarded as the high degree of support case and the Polish government as the low degree of support case for the policies to analyze in detail from four different aspects. This article suggests for the future study that these two case studies can provide a deeper analysis and contribute to the different support attitudes of member states’ governments in the common defense and security policy in EU research.

目 錄
論文審定書…………………….…………………………………………...i
誌謝………………………………………………………………….……..ii
中文摘要………………………………………………………………..…iii
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………..iv
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機……………………………………………………….. 1
第二節 研究目的 ………………………………………………………..6
第三節 章節安排 ………………………………………………………8
第二章 文獻回顧 11
第一節 功能主義觀點 …………………………………………………12
第二節 現實主義觀點 …………………………………………………17
第三節 國際政治經濟觀點 ……………………………………………19
第三章 成員國政府支持共同安全合作政策成因 23
第一節 邊界整合開放層面 ……………………………………………25
第二節 極端與民粹政治力量層面 ……………………………………26
第三節 安全自主性層面 ………………………………………………28
第四節 各國經濟實力層面 ……………………………………………30
第四章 研究方法 33
第一節 研究設計 ………………………………………………………34
第二節 資料來源 ………………………………………………………41
第三節 研究限制 ………………………………………………………43
第五章 法國個案：高度支持歐盟共同安全政策 45
第一節 邊界整合開放層面 ……………………………………………47
第二節 極端與民粹政治力量層面 ……………………………………51
第三節 安全自主性層面 ………………………………………………55
第四節 經濟實力層面 …………………………………………………58
第五節 小結 ……………………………………………………………61
第六章 波蘭個案：低度支持歐盟共同安全政策 63
第一節 邊界整合開放層面 ……………………………………………65
第二節 極端與民粹政治力量層面 ……………………………………69
第三節 安全自主性層面 ………………………………………………73
第四節 經濟實力層面 …………………………………………………78
第五節 小結 ……………………………………………………………80
第七章 結論 83
參考文獻 88

壹、 英文部分
一、 書籍
Cross, Mai’a K. Davis. 2011. Security Integration in Europe: How Knowledge-Based Networks are Transforming the European Union. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Gerring, John. 2006. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gilpin, Robert, and Jean M. Gilpin. 2001. Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Jones, Seth G. 2007. The Rise of European Security Cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keohane, Robert O. 1984. After Hegemony Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Walt, S. (1987). The Origins of Alliance. Cornell University Press.

二、 專書篇章
Solana, Javier. 2005. “A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy.” In Civilian Perspective or Security Strategy? European Development Policy Confronting New Challenges in Foreign and Security Policy, eds. Klaus Schilder and Tobias Hauschild, WEED. Berlin: European Commission, 52-57.
Mitrany, David. 1994. “A Working Peace System.” In The European Union, eds. Barent F. Nelsen, and Alexander Stubb. London: Palgrave, 77-97

三、 期刊論文
Lohrmann, Reinhard. 2000. “Migrants, Refugees and Insecurity. Current Threats to Peace?” International Migration 38(4): 3-22.
Mearsheimer, John. J. 1994. “The False Promise of International Institutions.” International Security 19(3): 5-49.
Posen, Barry R. 2006. “European Union Security and Defense Policy: Response to Unipolarity?” Security Studies 15(2): 149-186.
Rohrschneider, Robert, and Stephen Whitefield. 2016. “Responding to Growing European Union-Skepticism? The Stances of Political Parties toward European Integration in Western and Eastern Europe Following the Financial Crisis.” European Union Politics 17(1): 138-161.
Seawright, Jason., and John Gerring. 2008. “Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research.” Political Research Quarterly 61(2): 294-308.
Snidal, Duncan. 1991. “International Cooperation Among Relative Gains Maximizers.” International Studies Quarterly 35(4): 387-402.
Weiner, Myron. 1992. “Security, Stability, and International Migration.” International Security 17(3): 91-126.

四、 官方資料
Europa. European Union. “Poland.” https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/poland_en (accessed April 1, 2020).
European Commission. European Union. 2013. “Schengeng Area.” https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen_en (accessed August 1, 2017).
European Commission. European Union. 2013. The Schengeng Area. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/e-library/docs/schengen_brochure/schengen_brochure_dr3111126_en.pdf (accessed August 3, 2017).
European Commission. European Union. 15 July 2014. A New Start for Europe: My Agenda for Jobs, Growth, Fairness and Democratic Change. President Juncker's Political Guidelines. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/publications/president-junckers-political-guidelines_en (accessed July 21, 2017)
European Commission. European Union. 9 September 2015. “Refugee Crisis: European Commission Takes Decisive Action - Questions and Answer.” https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_15_5597 (accessed June 11, 2018).
European Commission. European Union. 5 October 2016. State of the Union 2016. https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c9ff4ff6-9a81-11e6-9bca-01aa75ed71a1 (accessed July 21, 2017)
European Commission. European Union. 30 November 2016. “European Defence Action Plan: Towards a European Defence Fund.” https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_16_4088 (accessed June 11, 2018).
European Commission. European Union. 2017. Defending Europe https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/defending-europe-factsheet_en.pdf (accessed July 2, 2020).
European Commission. European Union. 1 March 2017. White Paper on the Future of Europe and the Way Forward Reflections and Scenarios for the EU27. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/future-europe/white-paper-future-europe-and-way-forward_en (accessed July 21, 2018).
European Commission. European Union. June 2017. Designing Europe’s future: Security and Defence. Special Eurobarometer 461. http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2173 (accessed September 16, 2017).
European Commission. European Union. 19 March 2019. “European Defence Fund.” https://ec.europa.eu/commission/news/european-defence-fund-2019-mar-19_en (accessed June 18, 2020).
European Council. European Union. 16 September 2016. “Bratislava Declaration and Roadmap.” http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/09/16-bratislava-declaration-and-roadmap/ (accessed August 11, 2017)
European Council and the Council of the EU. European Union. 8 July 2016. “EU–NATO Joint Declaration.” https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/07/08/eu-nato-joint-declaration/ (accessed June 11, 2018).
European Council and the Council of the EU. European Union. 14 November 2016. “Council Conclusions on Implementing the EU Global Strategy in the Area of Security and Defence.” https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/11/14/conclusions-eu-global-strategy-security-defence/ (accessed July 21, 2017).
European Council and the Council of the EU. European Union. 25 March 2017. The Rome Declaration. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/03/25/rome-declaration/(accessed June 11, 2018).
European Council and the Council of the EU. European Union. 10 July 2018. “Joint Declaration on EU–NATO Cooperation.” https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/07/10/eu-nato-joint-declaration/ (accessed June 1, 2020).
European Defence Agency. European Union. “Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD).” https://www.eda.europa.eu/what-we-do/our-current-priorities/coordinated-annual-review-on-defence-(card) (accessed June 11, 2020).
European Defence Agency. European Union. “PESCO.” https://pesco.europa.eu/(accessed June 22, 2020).
European Parliament. European Union. “1st Emergency Relocation Scheme.” https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-towards-a-new-policy-on-migration/file-1st-emergency-relocation-scheme (accessed March 10, 2020).
European Parliament. European Union. 2014. “Results of the 2014 European Elections.” https://www.europarl.europa.eu/elections2014-results/en/country-results-pl-2014.html (accessed April 12, 2020).
European Parliament. European Union. 2019. “2019 European Election Results.” https://europarl.europa.eu/election-results-2019/en/national-results/poland/2019-2024/ (accessed April 3, 2020).
European Parliament. European Union. 2019. The Scrutiny of the European Defence Fund by the European Parliament and National Parliaments https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/603478/EXPO_STU(2019)603478_EN.pdf (accessed June 15, 2020).
Eurostat. European Union. 2015. Record Number of over 1.2 Million First Time Asylum Seekers Registered in 2015. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-press-releases/-/3-04032016-AP (accessed June 12, 2020).
Eurostat. European Union. 2020. Government Expenditure on Defence. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Government_expenditure_on_defence (accessed June 15, 2020).
GlobalFirepower. 2020. “Eastern Europe Military Powers 2020” https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing-eastern-europe.asp (accessed June 10, 2020).
GlobalFirepower. 2020. “European Union Military Strength 2020” https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing-european-union.asp (accessed June 10, 2020).
International Monetary Fund. 2016. General Government Gross Debt Percent of GDP. http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/GGXWDG_NGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/BIH/DEU (accessed October 7, 2017).
International Organization for Migration. 2015-2018. Flow Monitoring Europe, “Relocated.” https://migration.iom.int/europe?type=relocated (accessed April 16, 2020).
International Organization for Migration. 2016. “The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM)” https://www.iom.int/global-compact-migration (accessed May 13, 2020).
International Organization for Migration. 2016-2019. Flow Monitoring Europe, “Arrivals.” https://migration.iom.int/europe?type=arrivals (accessed April 16, 2020).
International Organization for Migration. 2017. “Migration Flow.” http://migration.iom.int/europe/ (accessed October 1, 2017).
Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. France. December 2017. Strategic Review of Defence and National Security 2017. https://cd-geneve.delegfrance.org/Strategic-review-of-Defence-and-national-security-2017 (accessed July 21, 2018)
Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. France. July 2019. “European Defence.” https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/europe/european-defence/ (accessed June 22, 2020).
Ministry of Armed Forces. France. December 2017. Strategic Review of Defence and National Security 2017. https://www.defense.gouv.fr/english/dgris/defence-policy/revue-strategique/revue-strategique (accessed July 21, 2018)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland. Poland. 2017. “An Interview with Konrad Szymański, Secretary of State for European Affairs at the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.” https://poland.pl/politics/foreign-affairs/poland-ready-thoroughly-engage-european-defence-policy/ (accessed June 18, 2020).
Ministry of National Defence Republic of Poland. Poland. 2017. “Meeting of Defense Ministers of European Union.” http://archiwum2019-en.mon.gov.pl/news/article/latest-news/meeting-of-defense-ministers-of-european-union-c2017-11-17/ (accessed June 12, 2020).
Ministry of National Defence Republic of Poland. Poland. 30 October, 2018. “The Foundation of Fort Trump Is an Investment in our Security.” https://www.gov.pl/web/national-defence/the-foundation-of-fort-trump-is-an-investment-in-our-security (accessed June 16, 2020).
Ministry of National Defence Republic of Poland. Poland. 28 November, 2018. “New Armed Forces Development Program.” https://www.gov.pl/web/national-defence/new-armed-forces-development-program (accessed June 13, 2020).
Ministry of National Defence Republic of Poland. Poland. 12 June, 2019. “There Will be More US Troops in Poland.” https://www.gov.pl/web/national-defence/there-will-be-more-us-troops-in-poland (accessed June 16, 2020).
Ministry of National Defence Republic of Poland. Poland. 11 September, 2019. “The Purchase of F-35 Aircraft Is Getting Closer.” https://www.gov.pl/web/national-defence/the-purchase-of-f-35-aircraft-is-getting-closer (accessed June 16, 2020).
Ministry of National Defence Republic of Poland. Poland. 23 September, 2019. “A Great Day for Poland! Declaration on Defence Cooperation Signed.” https://www.gov.pl/web/national-defence/a-great-day-for-poland-declaration-on-defence-cooperation-signed (accessed June 16, 2020).
National Electoral Commission. Poland. 2019. “Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019.” https://sejmsenat2019.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/en/wyniki/sejm/pl (accessed April 9, 2020).
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 2017. Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2009-2016). https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2017_03/20170313_170313-pr2017-045.pdf (accessed June 10, 2020).
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 2017. Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2010-2017). https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_145409.htm (accessed June 1, 2020).
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 2018. Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2011-2018). https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_156770.htm (accessed June 12, 2020).
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 2019. Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2013-2019). https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_171356.htm (accessed June 16, 2020).
Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza. Poland. 2015. “Wybory do Sejmu i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 2015.” https://parlament2015.pkw.gov.pl/349_Wyniki_Sejm.html (accessed April 12, 2020).
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 1949–2016. Military Expenditure Database. https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex (accessed October 7, 2017).
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2015-2016. Arms Transfers Database. http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/export_values.php (accessed October 7, 2017)
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2016. Military Expenditure Database. https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex (accessed March 12, 2020).
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2016-2019. Arms Transfers Database. https://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers (accessed March 12, 2020).
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2019. Military Expenditure Database. https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex (accessed March 12, 2020).
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2020. Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2019. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/fs_2020_04_milex_0.pdf (accessed May 12, 2020).
The Federal Returning Officer. Germany. 2017. “Bundestag election 2017.” https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/en/bundestagswahlen/2017/ergebnisse.html (accessed July 2, 2020).
The President of the Republic of Poland. Poland. 2017. “President: Bigger Defence Budget Necessary.” https://www.president.pl/en/news/art,596,president-bigger-defence-budget-necessary.html (accessed June 14, 2020).
The World Bank. 2020. GDP Growth (Annual %) – France. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=FR&name_desc=false (accessed March 28, 2020).
The World Bank. 2020. GDP Growth (Annual %) – Poland. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=PL&name_desc=false (accessed January 7, 2020).

五、 媒體
BBC, “Polish Media Laws: Government Takes Control of State Media.” 7 January, 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35257105 (accessed April 13, 2020).
BBC, “EU to Sue Poland, Hungary and Czechs for Refusing Refugee Quotas.” 7 December, 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-42270239 (accessed January 17, 2020).
Cienski, Jan, “Migrants Carry ‘Parasites and Protozoa,’ Warns Polish Opposition Leader.” POLITICO, 14 October, 2015, https://www.politico.eu/article/migrants-asylum-poland-kaczynski-election/ (accessed April 1, 2020).
Diamond, Jeremy, “'Fort Trump'? Polish President Urges US to Consider Opening Base” CNN, 19 September, 2018, https://edition.cnn.com/2018/09/18/politics/fort-trump-andrzej-duda-poland/index.html (accessed June 16, 2020).
Easton, Adam, “Polish Election: Leader Targets Gay Rights as Threat to Society.” BBC, 8 October, 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49904849 (accessed April 14, 2020).
Ekblom, Jonas, “Poland, Hungary Broke EU Laws by Refusing to Host Migrants: Court Adviser.” Reuters, 31 October, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migration-court/poland-hungary-broke-eu-laws-by-refusing-to-host-migrants-court-adviser-idUSKBN1XA1S5 (accessed January 17, 2020).
Euobserver, “EU Takes Step Toward Joint Army.” 13 November, 2017, https://euobserver.com/foreign/139854 (accessed June 10, 2020).
Euronews, “Macron: Poland, Germany and France to Lead Europe After Brexit.” 3 February, 2020, https://www.euronews.com/2020/02/03/macron-poland-germany-and-france-to-lead-europe-after-brexit (accessed July 2, 2020).
Goettig, Marcin, and Agnieszka Barteczko, “Poland's Eurosceptics Win Outright Majority in Parliament.” Reuters, 27 October, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-election/polands-eurosceptics-win-outright-majority-in-parliament-idUSKCN0SL1XH20151027 (accessed April 11, 2020).
Gotev, Georgi, “Nine EU Members Stay away from UN Migration Pact.” EURACTIV, 20 December, 2018, https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/nine-eu-members-stay-away-from-un-migration-pact/ (accessed January 13, 2020).
Plucinska, Joanna, and Marcin Goclowski, “Macron Emphasizes EU Defense in Bid to Warm Ties with Poland.” Reuters, 3 February, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-france/macron-emphasizes-eu-defense-in-bid-to-warm-ties-with-poland-idUSKBN1ZW0SZ (accessed July 2, 2020).
Radio Poland, “Poland Will Not Take in any Immigrants: PM Szydło” 23 March, 2016, http://archiwum.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/245910 (accessed June 13, 2020).
Radio Poland, “Poland Will not Accept Refugees: Ruling Party Leader” 7 May, 2016, http://archiwum.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/251850,Poland-will-not-accept-refugees-ruling-party-leader (accessed January 11, 2020).
Radio Poland, “Poland to Increase Defence Spending” 25 April, 2017, http://archiwum.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/304138,Poland-to-increase-defence-spending (accessed June 18, 2020).
Reuters, “Poland Says It Will Accept only a 'Symbolic' Number of Refugees.” 21 September, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-poland-conditions/poland-says-it-will-accept-only-a-symbolic-number-of-refugees-idUSKCN0RK0XV20150920 (accessed June 11, 2020).
Reuters, “Update 2-Poland Says Cannot Take Migrants Under EU Quotas Without Guarantees After Paris Attacks.” 14 November, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/france-shooting-poland-reaction/update-2-poland-says-cannot-take-migrants-under-eu-quotas-without-guarantees-after-paris-attacks-idUSL8N1390NI20151114 (accessed June 13, 2020).
Reuters, “Poland's Kaczynski Blames Merkel for EU's Migration Issues.” 21 May, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-poland/polands-kaczynski-blames-merkel-for-eus-migration-issues-idUSKCN18G0RC (accessed May 1, 2020).
Reuters, “Poland to Snub U.N. Migration Pact, Slovakia Has Reservations.” 20 November, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-migrants/poland-to-snub-un-migration-pact-slovakia-has-reservations-idUSKCN1NP1PE (accessed May 13, 2020).
Reuters, “Top EU Court Orders Poland to Suspend Disciplinary Chamber.” 8 April, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-eu-judiciary/eu-top-court-orders-poland-to-suspend-disciplinary-chamber-idUSKBN21Q1NX (accessed July 1, 2020).
Speigel Online, “Jordan Bardella's Rise the Fresh Young Face of France's Populist Right.” 19 April, 2019, https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/jordan-bardella-the-fresh-face-of-the-french-populist-right-a-1263121.html (accessed March 12, 2020).
The Associated Press, “Poland Commits to Spend 2.5 Percent of its GDP on Defense.” 23 October, 2017, https://apnews.com/ae5d45b2137d426a8790da53350947eb (accessed June 10, 2020).
The Guardian, “Andrzej Duda Victory in Polish Presidential Election Signals Shift to Right.” 25 May, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/25/andrzej-duda-victory-polish-presidential-election (accessed April 12, 2020).
Watkins, Eli, “While Campaigning, Merkel Says Europeans Can't 'Completely' Rely on US, Others” CNN, 29 May, 2017, http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/28/politics/angela-merkel-donald-trump-g7/index.html (accessed September 10, 2017).
Von Der Burchard, Hans, “Macron and Merkel’s Treaty Tests European Nerves.’’ POLITICO, 22 January, 2019, https://www.politico.eu/article/emmanuel-macron-and-angela-merkel-franco-german-aachen-treaty-tests-european-nerves/ (accessed March 28, 2020).
Zdroj, Krynica, “Polish Prime Minister Says Accepting Refugees Is Poland's Duty.” Reuters, 10 September, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-poland/polish-prime-minister-says-accepting-refugees-is-polands-duty-idUSKCN0RA0SR20150910 (accessed June 1, 2020).

貳、 法文部分
一、 書籍
Duez, Denis. 2008. L'Union Européenne et l'Immigration Clandestine: De la Sécurité Intérieure à la Construction de la Communauté Politique. Bruxelles: Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles.
Ivaldi, Gilles. 2015. L’Europe Face aux Droites Radicales Populistes : Positions Partisanes et Demandes Électorales. Germany: Université des Sciences Appliquées de Fulda
Macron, Emmanuel. 2017. Révolution. France: French and European Publications Inc.

二、 期刊論文
Kahn, Sylvain. 2017. « Les Enjeux de la Crise Européenne. » Hérodote 164(1): 79-100.

三、 官方文件
EM!. 2017. « Le Programme d'Emmanuel Macron pour l'Europe. » https://en-marche.fr/emmanuel-macron/le-programme/europe (accessed April 20, 2019).
Eurostat. Union Européenne. 2015. « Le Nombre de Demandeurs d’Asile dans L’UE A Bondi en 2014 à Plus de 625,000 Personnes. » https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-press-releases/-/3-20032015-BP (accessed June 10, 2020).
Eurostat. Union Européenne. 2016. « Nombre Record de Plus de 1,2 Million Primo-Demandeurs d’Asile Enregistrés en 2015. » https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-press-releases/-/3-04032016-AP (accessed June 10, 2020).
Eurostat. Union Européenne. 2018. Dette Publique Brute. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/fr/web/products-datasets/-/SDG_17_40 (accessed March 15, 2020).
Eurostat. Union Européenne. 2018. PIB Réel par Habitant. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/fr/web/products-datasets/-/SDG_08_10 (accessed March 25, 2020).
Eurostat. Union Européenne. 2020. Recettes Totales des Administrations Publiques. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/fr/web/products-datasets/product?code=TEC00021 (accessed June 15, 2020).
Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. France. 2018. L'Économie Française - Comptes et Dossiers Édition 2018. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3614262 (accessed March 25, 2020).
Ministère de L’intérieur. France. 2012. « Résultats des Élections Législatives 2012. » https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives/elecresult__LG2012/(path)/LG2012/FE.html (accessed June 12, 2020).
Ministère de L’intérieur. France. 2017. « Résultats des Élections Législatives 2017. » https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives/elecresult__legislatives-2017/(path)/legislatives-2017//FE.html (accessed June 12, 2020).
Ministère de L’intérieur. France. 2017. « Résultats des Élections Présidentielle 2017. » https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles/elecresult__presidentielle-2017/(path)/presidentielle-2017//FE.html (accessed June 1, 2020).
Ministère de L’intérieur, Direction Génération des Étrangers en France. France. 2019. L'admission au Séjour - Les Titres de Séjour (statistiques). https://www.immigration.interieur.gouv.fr/fr/Immigration/L-admission-au-sejour-Les-titres-de-sejour-visas-statistiques La délivrance de visas aux étrangers (accessed January 12, 2020).
Ministère des Armées. France. 2017. Chiffres Clés de la Défense – 2017. https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/articles/chiffres-cles-de-la-defense-2017 (accessed May 12, 2020).
Ministère des Armées. France. 2018. Chiffres Clés de la Défense – 2018. https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/articles/chiffres-cles-de-la-defense-2018 (accessed May 12, 2020).
Ministère des Armées. France. 2019. Chiffres Clés de la Défense – 2019. https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/articles/les-chiffres-cles-de-la-defense-2019 (accessed May 12, 2020).
Ministère des Armées. France. 2018. Europe de la Défense, un État des Lieux. https://www.defense.gouv.fr/content 2018/ (accessed Mai 23, 2019).
Ministère des Armées. France. le 31 Octobre, 2018. Invitation_European Intervention Initiative 1st Ministerial Conference_Paris_7 November 2018. https://www.defense.gouv.fr/salle-de-presse/notes-aux-redactions/invitation_european-intervention-initiative-1st-ministerial-conference_paris_7-november-2018 (accessed March 28, 2020).
Parlement Européen. Union Européenne. 2014. « Résultats par Parti National : 2014-2019. » https://europarl.europa.eu/election-results-2019/fr/resultats-nationaux/france/2014-2019/session-constitutive/ (accessed June 2, 2020).
Parlement Européen. Union Européenne. 2019. « Résultats des Élections Européennes 2019. » https://europarl.europa.eu/election-results-2019/fr/resultats-des-elections/2019-2024/ (accessed June 2, 2020).
Rassemblement National. France. 2019. Pour une Europe des Nations. https://rassemblementnational.fr/telecharger/publications/Manifeste.pdf (accessed June 1, 2020).

四、 媒體
Franceinfo, « Reims : Des Migrants sur le Campus de l'Université, 8000 Étudiants Privés de Cours. » le 18 September, 2017, https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/europe/migrants/reims-8-000-etudiants-prives-de-cours-apres-la-fermeture-d-un-campus-pour-raison-de-securite_2377419.html(accessed April 24, 2020).
Franceinfo, « L'Union Européenne Est Incapable de Protéger les Français, Selon Jordan Bardella (RN). » le 4 Mars, 2019, https://www.francetvinfo.fr/elections/europeennes/l-union-europeenne-est-incapable-de-proteger-les-francais-selon-jordan-bardella-rn_3217409.html (accessed March 12, 2020).
Le Figaro, « Des Centaines de Sans-Papiers Ont Occupé l'Aéroport Roissy CDG. » le 20 Mai, 2019, https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/des-centaines-de-sans-papiers-occupent-l-aeroport-roissy-cdg-20190519 (accessed April 24, 2020).
Le Figaro, « Pour Emmanuel Macron, l'Otan Est en État de Mort Cérébrale. » le 7 Novembre, 2019, https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/le-president-francais-emmanuel-macron-juge-l-otan-en-etat-de-mort-cerebrale-20191107 (accessed March 28, 2020).
Le Monde, « Attaques à Paris : Le Point sur l’Enquête et le Déroulé des Attaques. » le 15 Novembre, 2015, https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2015/11/13/fusillade-meurtriere-a-paris_4809485_3224.html (accessed April 24, 2020).
Le Monde, « Macron en Visite à Calais, où le Problème des Migrants Reste Entier ». le 16 Janvier, 2018, https://www.lemonde.fr/immigration-et-diversite/article/2018/01/16/macron-en-visite-a-calais-ou-le-probleme-des-migrants-reste-entier_5242204_1654200.html (accessed April 24, 2020).
Le Monde, « Violentes Bagarres Entre Migrants à Calais : Gérard Collomb S’est Rendu sur Place. » le 2 février, 2018, https://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/video/2018/02/02/violentes-bagarres-entre-migrants-a-calais-gerard-collomb-s-est-rendu-sur-place_5250781_1653578.html (accessed April 24, 2020).
Le Monde, « Conférence de Presse de Macron : Ce qui Est Nouveau, ce qu’il A Précisé et ce qui Est Flou. » le 25 Avril, 2019, https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/04/25/annonces-de-macron-ce-qui-est-nouveau-ce-qui-est-flou-ce-qu-il-a-precise_5455007_4355770.html (accessed April 3, 2020).
Le Monde, « Elections Européennes 2019 : La Lettre et les Propositions de Macron. » le 04 Mars, 2019, https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/03/04/la-lettre-d-emmanuel-macron-aux-europeens_5431354_3210.html (accessed April 20, 2019).
Marianne, « Quel Programme pour l'Europe ? Les Réponses de Jordan Bardella, Tête de Liste RN. » le 9 Mai, 2019, https://www.marianne.net/politique/quel-programme-pour-l-europe-les-reponses-de-jordan-bardella-tete-de-liste-rn (accessed March 12, 2020).
Marianne, « Quel Programme pour l'Europe ? Les Réponses de Nathalie Loiseau, Tête de Liste LREM. » le 9 Mai, 2019, https://www.marianne.net/politique/quel-programme-pour-l-europe-les-reponses-de-nathalie-loiseau-tete-de-liste-lrem (accessed March 12, 2020).
RFI, « Une Feuille de Route pour l'Initiative Européenne d'Intervention. » le 7 Novembre, 2018, http://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20181107-france-europe-defense-initiative-europeenne-intervention-macron