南海位處東南亞至東北亞主要航道，海域資源豐富，加上海域劃界未定，使
南海議題成為現今東南亞局勢主要爭議之一。各國自身對南海利益的考量，讓
東協聲索國對於南海的主張與政策不盡相同，東協南海政策矛盾也沒有共識。
然而面對中國主張擁有全部南海主權所帶來的威脅，東協聲索國又希望藉由採
行集體策略，以東協整體與中國交涉，並透過多邊機制對話，試圖將南海議題
國際化。
故本文研究目的在於瞭解什麼因素將使東協國家在南海議題上趨向團結一
致？反之，什麼因素促成東協在南海議題上分歧、瓦解？根據威脅平衡論
（Balance of Threat），本文發現中國在南海對東協聲索國的威脅強度直接影
響東協國家南海結盟政治變化，進而影響東協聲索國南海政策一致程度。東協
是否在南海議題上能成為一整體，甚至加入一方陣營的主要因素，除了美國作
為權力平衡的另一方，更取決於中國在南海讓東協各國對所產生的威脅強度，
「中國南海核心利益說」即是一例。

The issue of South China Sea is one of the hottest international
disputes in South East Asia due its location amid the connection between
Southeast Asia to Northeast Asia and the rich resources. The undecided
maritime delimitation makes the situation more complicated. Because
each one of the ASEAN Claims has her own consideration of the interest,
their claims and policies confront from each other's, and no consensus
has been reached. However, encountering the fact that China proclaimed
the entire region of South China Sea, ASEAN Claims attempt to unit
themselves to deal with the threat, to negotiate the issue of South China
Sea with China as a whole, and attempt to internationalize the issue.
Thus, this paper is aimed to realize under what circumstance, ASEAN
Claims will tend to unite in the issue of South China Sea, or vise versa,
in what circumstance makes ASEAN Claims tend to collapse. According to
the "Balance of Threat," China's threat to South China Sea affairs leads
the changing of the unity of ASEAN Claims directly, and influences the
consistency of South China Sea's policy. Besides the United States, the
other side of the balance of the two counter powers, the treat brought
by China in South China Sea affairs is the key to influence the South
China Sea policy consistency of ASEAN Claims. "South China Sea Core
interest" is one of match instance.

論文審定書................................................i
謝辭.....................................................iii
中文摘要.................................................v
英文摘要.................................................vi
第一章緒論............................................ 1
第一節研究動機................................................................................................1
第二節研究目的................................................................................................2
第三節研究方法................................................................................................3
第四節文獻回顧................................................................................................4
第五節章節安排..............................................................................................14
第二章制度約束：東協與南海問題........................ 15
第一節東協政策實踐主要原則......................................................................15
第一項《東協憲章》內容分析..............................................................19
第二項東協決策機制..............................................................................21
第三項東協爭端解決機制......................................................................24
第二節從東協角度看南海問題......................................................................27
第一項東協區域論壇與南海問題..........................................................27
第二項東協主權概念與南海問題..........................................................28
第三節東協整體對南海之政策......................................................................30
第四節小結......................................................................................................35
第三章東協國家與南海利益............................. 36
第一節東協聲索國暨南海能源資源..............................................................36
第一項南海能源資源現況......................................................................36
第二項東協聲索國石油與天然氣狀況..................................................37
第三項、聲索國南海能源資源利益行為..................................................39
第二節東協聲索國在南海能源資源上的競合..........................................47
第一項、東協南海能源資源合作..............................................................47
第二項、東協中國南海能源資源合作..............................................................48
第三項、東協中國南海能源資源衝突......................................................48
第三節東協聲索國暨南海漁業資源..........................................................50
第一項、南海漁業現況..............................................................................50
第二項、南海國家漁業主張......................................................................52
第四節東協聲索國在南海漁業資源競合狀況..........................................57
第一項、漁業衝突實例..............................................................................57
第二項、南海漁業管理..............................................................................59
第五節小結......................................................................................................66
第四章南海結盟政治：東協國家南海平衡策略............... 67
第一節、南海威脅平衡論..................................................................................67
第二節東協合作安全和大國平衡策略..........................................................68
第三節東協南海軍事合作..............................................................................70
第四節南海自由航行利益..............................................................................73
第一項、美國南海自由航行權主張..........................................................74
第二項、中國對美國南海自由航行之回應..............................................75
第三項、東協國家對美國南海自由航行權主張之看法..........................76
第五節南海結盟政治......................................................................................78
第六節小結......................................................................................................81
第五章大國政治角力：東協國家南海政策變化研析........... 83
第一節中美南海對抗......................................................................................83
第二節中國「南海核心利益說」之前時期..................................................87
第一項、東協與中國南海共同開發..........................................................87
第二項、二○○五年中、菲、越聯合海事石油探勘三方協定............88
第三項、中國南海共同合作與東協一致性..............................................90
第三節二○一○中國「南海核心利益說」與其影響性..............................91
第一項、二○一○年中美南海勢力動作與政策......................................92
第二項、東協國家對中國「南海核心利益說」之回應..........................95
第四節中國「南海核心利益說」之後時期：東協各國反應......................97
第一項、東協國家提升軍備......................................................................97
第二項、東協聲索國外交戰術..................................................................98
第三項、東協擬定《南海行為準則》....................................................101
第四項、中國回應....................................................................................103
第五節小結....................................................................................................107
第六章結論.......................................... 109
參考文獻................................................114
圖次
圖3-1 東亞專屬經濟海域劃界圖...........................56
表次
表3-1 南海海域漁業資源管理相關計畫......................64
表5-1 東協國家南海政策變化概覽..........................105

一、 中文部份
（一）書籍
陳鴻瑜，1997，《東南亞國家協會之發展》，南投：國立暨南大學。
蕭曦清，2010，《南沙風雲：南沙群島問題的研判與分析》，台北：台灣學生書局。
Inis L. Claude, Jr.，張保民譯，1990，權力與國際關係（Power and International Relations），第三版，台北：幼獅。
Morgenthau, Hans J.，徐晰等譯，王緝思校，2006 ，《國家間政治：權力鬥爭與和平》，北京：北京大學出版社。


（二）期刊論文
成雪峰，2001，〈試論東盟對建立亞太安全體制的影響〉，《國際政治》，(5):13。
朱鴻鈞，2007，〈全球漁業發展現況及未來趨勢分析〉，《Bio-Economic 2030 生物經濟與科技前瞻》，6(9)。
吳文騰，2011，〈台灣的能源概況〉，《科學發展》，(457): 123-126。
紀蒨樺，2003，〈建構主義看東南亞國協對南海問題之策略〉，《亞太經濟合作評論》，(11)：149-157。
張潔，2011，〈南海爭端與中國周邊安全環境〉，《當代亞太》，(4):21-31。
陳欣之，1999，〈南沙主權糾紛對台海兩岸關係的意義與影響〉，《問題與研究》，38 (7) : 29。
楊昊，2008，〈新憲章規範下的東協區域主義：回顧與展望〉，《台灣東南亞學刊》，(5)1：147-179。
楊昊、李偉銓，2010，〈浮現中的南海權力政治邏輯〉，《全球政治評論》，(32)：21-32。
詹哲裕、韓台武，2005，〈東協組織運作機制及其所面臨的挑戰〉，《復興崗學報》，84: 191-208。
劉復國，2002，〈當前區域性南海問題對話合作機制〉，《亞太研究論壇》，(19)：39-44。
盧國學，2004，〈中國的麻六甲之痛：遭遇能源安全潛在威脅〉，《新民週刊》，(6)：8-10。


（三）專書篇章
周永生，2010，〈美國與東亞合作〉，載於《東亞地區合作：2009》，北京：經濟科學出版社，310-311。
明居正，2011，〈古典現實主義之反思〉，載於《國際關係理論》，包宗和主編，台北：五南，27-48。
蕭琇安，2011，〈從近期南海主權相關爭議觀察中共戰略之演變〉，載於《領土爭端與民族認同危機的案例研究》，台北：政大國研中心，41-52。

(四)報紙
〈周邊國家加緊佔領島礁 中國南海面臨被瓜分〉，《廣州日報》，2009年8月22日，版4。
〈雲南兩會代表建議 麻六甲難依靠 建中緬輸油線，《中國時報》，2006年03月20日，版6。
石業瀾，〈公然違背國際法 妄圖延伸大陸架菲律賓南沙搞擴張〉，《環球時報》，2002年05月13日，版4。
任建民，〈美拉攏中國傳統盟友 加強軍事合作遏制中國〉，《環球時報》，2008年07月16日，版4。
孫廣勇，〈探訪泰馬海上共同開發區〉，人民網，2011年10月14日，版4。
程剛，〈海南漁民稱在南海捕魚常遭馬來西亞軍艦騷擾〉，《環球時報》，2009年04月28日，版4。
(五)會議論文
孫國祥，2008，〈《東協憲章》簽署之意義與其對東南亞整合的影響〉，《2008年台灣的東南亞區域研究年度論文研討會》4月25、26日，台中縣：亞洲大學。

（六）網站
〈中國南海海域和南沙群島海域石油、天然氣資源統計資料，〉南沙群島在線，2005 年 6月 7日，http://www.nansha.org/statistics/1/index.html，檢索日期：2011/11/1。
〈近年來南海區域事件及情勢彙整〉，行政院海洋事物推動小組全球資訊網：http://www.cmaa.nat.gov.tw/ch/NewsContent.aspx?NewsID=129&path=275，檢索日期：2011/4/4。
〈美海軍4艘宙斯盾艦與東南亞6國在南中國海軍演〉，中國南海研究院，http://www.nanhai.org.cn/news/news_info.asp?ArticleID=2775，檢索日期：2011/5/31。
施子中，2010，〈「金色眼鏡蛇2010」聯合演習之研析〉，亞太和平研究基金會，http://www.faps.org.tw/issues/subject.aspx?pk=111，檢索日期：2011/6/1。
黃鴻業，2006，〈汶萊石油天然氣工業現狀〉，《中國駐汶萊大使館經商參贊處》，http://bn.mofcom.gov.cn/static/column/ddfg/waimao.html/1，檢索日期：2011年12月16日。

（七）電子報
〈中方對越南在南海爭議海域招標油氣勘探強烈不滿〉，華夏經緯網，http://big5.huaxia.com/xw/dl/00253319.html，檢索日期：2011/12/1。
〈中國否認艦艇騷擾美國監測船〉，BBC中文網，2009年3月10日，http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7930000/newsid_7934000/7934038.stm，檢索日期：2011/11/22。
〈中國媒體警告印度越南勘探南海石油〉，BBC中文網，2011年10月16日，http://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/trad/chinese_news/2011/10/111016_china_vietnam_india.shtml，檢索日期：2011/12/1。
〈少將：「南海是中國核心利益」非官方表態〉，中國評論新聞網，2010年10月12 日，http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1014/7/2/1/101472175.html?coluid=4&kindid=18&docid=101472175&mdate=1012100650，檢索日期：2011/6/3。
〈北京學者：慎用國家核心利益〉，中央社，2010年10月24日，http://n.yam.com/cna/china/201007/20100727409288.html，檢索日期：2011/6/3。
〈外交部：南海航行自由安全從不是問題〉，人民網，2011年9月29日，http://japan.people.com.cn/35469/7608436.html，檢索日期：2011/11/1。
〈美國海軍測量船用消防水龍頭向中國艦艇噴水〉，新浪網，http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2009-03-11/1454545121.html，2009年03月11日，檢索日期：2011/11/22。
〈美國揚言將協助菲律賓“保衛南海”〉，中國評論新聞網，2011年11月18日，http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1019/0/9/9/101909971.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=101909971，檢索日期：2011/11/18。
〈美越首度軍演 強調南海航行自由〉，新唐人亞太台，2010年8月11日，http://ap.ntdtv.com/b5/video/id/28104，檢索日期：2011/11/1。
〈紐時：南海爭議將成美中新戰場 北京學者：中美關係進入新階段〉，美中新聞網，2011年11月20日，http://www.canews.com/News_Center/News_2011/News_release_2011_1120001_01.html，檢索日期：2011/12/2。
〈專家：中美“南海問題”不是一碼事 美要求自由偵察〉，廣州日報，2011年07月17日，http://big5.china.com/gate/big5/military.china.com/important/64/20110717/16652046_2.html，檢索日期：2011/11/1。
〈菲律賓海軍逮捕12名中國漁民〉，中國新聞網，2001年6月20日，http://www.people.com.cn/BIG5/junshi/20010620/492740.html，檢索日期：2011/6/3。
〈菲高調挑戰中國 邀外商開發南海石油〉，文匯報，2011年11月16日，http://paper.wenweipo.com/2011/11/16/YO1111160013.htm，檢索日期：2011/12/1。
〈菲敦促中國“停止南沙挑舋行動”〉，BBC中文網，2004年7月10日，http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_3880000/newsid_3882500/3882509.stm，檢索日期：2011/12/1。
宋莉編輯，〈專家：美越軍演抗衡中國〉，多維新聞，2010年8月12日，http://politics.dwnews.com/big5/news/2010-08-12/56335597.html，檢索日期：2011/4/27。
洪聖斐編譯報導，〈南海領土爭議 東協盼建立各國行為規範〉，新頭殼newtalk，2011年05月09日，http://n.yam.com/newtalk/international/201105/20110509683867.html，檢索日期：2011/11/1。
孫天仁、王躍西，〈印尼在南海無理扣押75名中國漁民 稱非法捕魚〉，環球時報，2009年06月25日，http://news.qq.com/a/20090625/000303.htmhttp://news.qq.com/a/20090625/000303.htm，檢索日期：2011/6/3。
張冬梅，〈美國力推南海問題升溫 企圖形成多國對付中國態勢〉，多維新聞，2010年10月13日，http://global.dwnews.com/big5/news/2010-10-13/56546880.html，檢索日期：2011/4/27。
張娜，〈美國力推南海問題升溫 企圖形成多國對付中國態勢〉，《世界新聞報》，2010年10月13日，http://big5.cri.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/27824/2010/10/13/5187s3019462.htm，(檢索日期：2011/4/20)。
斯坎倫，〈越菲領導人商討南海軍事合作〉，《BBC中文網》，2011年10月26日，http://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/trad/world/2011/10/111026_china_vietnam_philippine.shtml，檢索日期。
劉越山，〈國防部：南海爭議無損航行自由〉，香港文匯報訊，2011年9月29日，http://paper.wenweipo.com/2011/09/29/YO1109290007.htm，檢索日期：2011/11/1。
蔣銳，〈越南：不會容忍「侵略」行為〉，BBC中文網，2011年6月5日，http://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/trad/chinese_news/2011/06/110605_vietnam_warn_china.shtml，檢索日期：2011/12/1。
錢子敏，〈星國盼東盟與中國達南海行為準則〉，旺報，2011年11月19日，http://news.chinatimes.com/wantdaily/11052101/172011111900329.html，檢索日期：2011/12/1。
戴曉宇，〈25名在菲律賓被扣中國漁民回國〉，央視網，2009年06月26日，http://tv.people.com.cn/BIG5/14645/9549784.html，檢索日期：2011/6/3。
藍中華，2009，〈馬來西亞媒體提出組建“南沙集團”與中國爭奪南海〉，《吉隆坡安全評論》，http://www.klsreview.com/ ，檢索日期：2011/6/29。
譚利婭，〈中國首次向美明確表態，南海是中國核心利益〉，香港商報，2010年7月5日，http://www.cnwnc.com/content/2010-07/05/content_2550750.htm，檢索日期：2011/6/3。

（八）官方文件
《中國人民共和國天然氣資源統計資料》，2005，〈中國南海海域和南沙群島海域石油〉，日期：2005 年6 月7日。
《中國人民共和國國土資源部》，2009，〈我國南海石油評估〉，http://www.mlr.gov.cn/tdzt/gtwh/54/yjjc/200805/t20080509_672679.htm，檢索日期：2011/12/12。
《中華人民共和國外交部》，2011，〈中方願同東協探討制訂“南海行為準則”〉，2011年11月18日，http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gxh/wzb/zxxx/t718471.htm，檢索日期：2011/4/26。
《中華人民共和國外交部》，2010，〈楊潔篪外長駁斥南海問題上的歪論〉，http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gxh/wzb/zxxx/t719371.htm，檢索日期：2011/4/26。
《中華民國外交部》，2010，〈中華民國外交部重申南海議題立場〉，文號：143 日期：2010年7月29日。
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二、英文部份
（一）書籍
Bartkus, Viva Ona. 1999. The Dynamic of Secession, London: Cambridge University Press.
Butcher, J. 2004. The Closing of the Frontier: A History of the Marine Fisheries of Southeast Asia, c. 1850-2000. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asia Studies.
Kaplan, Morton A. 1957. System and Process in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge. New York.
Koh, Tommy and Rosario G Manalo and Walter Woon. 2009. The Making of the ASEAN Charter , World Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore.
Leifer, Michael. 1989. ASEAN and the Security of Southeast Asia. London: Routledge.
Morgan, Gary R. and Derek J. Staples .2006. “The history of industrial marine fisheries in Southeast Asia” In FAO Of The United Nations Regional Office For Asia And The Pacific, Bangkok.
Morgenthau, Hans J.. 1958. Dilemmas of Politics. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
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Neuman, William L. 2006. Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches. N.Y. : Pearson Ltd.
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Severino, Rodolfo C. .2006. Southeast Asia In Search of an ASEAN Community. ISEAS Singapore.
———————— 2010. "ASEAN and the South China Sea," Security Challengers, (6)2: 37-47.
Smith, Anthony D.. 1993. National Identity. Reno: University of Nevada Press : 71.
Sokolsky, Richard and Angel Rabasa and C. Richard Neu. 2001. The Role of Southeast Asia in U.S. Strategy Toward China. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Stenseth, L.1998. The Imagined China Threat in the South China Sea. Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo.
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Walraven, Klaas van. 1996. Conflict Prevention and Early Warning in the Political Practice of International Organizations. The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
Walt, Stephen M. 1987. The Origins of Alliances. New York: Cornell University Press.
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Weber, Robert P. 1990. Basic Content Analysis. California: SAGE Publications.

（二）期刊論文
A. F. Pollard. 1923. "The balance of power." the British Institute of International Affairs, 2: 53–64.
Askandar, Kamrulzaman, Jacob Bercovitch and Mikio Oishi. 2002. “The ASEAN
Bearer, Paul. 1994. "Flash Points: Spratly Island." Jane's Defense Weekly, 18.
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Caballero-Anthony, Mely. 1998. “Mechanisms of Dispute Settlement: The ASEAN Experience.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, (20)1: 58.
Christopher Roberts. 2005. “China and the South China Sea What Happened to ASEAN’s Solidarity.” RSIS Commentaries, 2005(20): 17-30.
D. Coulter. 2006. “South China Sea Fisheries : Countdown to Calamity.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 17(4): 371-388.
D. Dirhamsyah. 2006. “Indonesian legislative framework for coastal resources management: A critical review and Recommendation,” Ocean & Coastal Management 49 : 68–92.
Jorg Friedrichs. 2010. "Global energy crunch: how different parts of the world would react to a peak oil scenario." Energy Policy 38 (8): 4562-4569.
Joyner, Christopher C.. 2005. “The Spratly Islands Dispute in the South China Sea: Problem, Policies, and Prospects for Diplomacy” in the South China Sea: A Note ." Ocean Development & International Law, 34:279–285, Taylor & Francis Inc.
Askandar, Kamrulzaman, Jacob Bercovitch and Mikio Oishi. 2002. “The ASEAN
Way of Conflict Management: Old Patterns and New Trends.” Asian Journal of
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Majid, S. Bin A.. 1985. “Controlling Fishing Effort: Malaysia’s Experience and Problems” in FAO , Expert Consultation on the Regulation of Fishing Effort , FAO Agriculture Series: 83.
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Mak, J.N. 2009. “Sovereignty in ASEAN and the Problem of Maritime Cooperation in the SCS.” Working Paper No.156, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies School of International Politics in the South China Sea.
Nguyen, Hong Thao. 2003. "The 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties
Owen, N. A., O. R. Inderwildi, and D. A. King. 2010. "The status of conventional world oil reserves—Hype orcause for concern?” Energy Policy, 38(9): 4743–4749.
Political Science, 10(2): 21-42.
Ramcharan, Robin. 2000. “ASEAN and Non-Interference: A Principle Maintained.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 22.
Scott Cooper. 2003. " state-centric balance of threat theory: explaining the misunderstood gulf cooperation council." Security Studies, 13( 2): 55-85.
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（三）專書篇章
Beckman, Robert C. 2009. “Legal Regimes for Cooperation in the South China Sea,” In Security and International Politics in the South China Sea, eds. Sam Bateman and Ralf Emmers, Routledge: NY, 222-245.
Joyner, Christopher C.. 1999. “The Spratly Islands Dispute in the South China Sea: Problems, Policies, and Prospects for Diplomatic Accommodation” in Ranjeet Singh Investigating Confidence Building Measures on the Asia Pacific Region,ed. Henry L. Stimson, Centre Report: Washington DC, No. 28 ;
Li Mingjiang. 2010. "China's South Cina Sea dilemma." In Cooperative Security in The Asia-Pacific, eds. Jurgen Haacke, Noel M. Morada, Taylor & Francis Ltd.
Mak, J.N.. 2010. "Maritime security and the ARF – Why the focus on dialogue rather than action." In Cooperative Security in The Asia-Pacific, eds. Jurgen Haacke and Noel M. Morada, Taylor & Francis Ltd.
Mingjiang, Li. 2011. "The Changing Contexts of China’s Policy on the South China Sea Dispute," In Conference on Entering Uncharted Waters? Asean and The South China Sea Dispute, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.
Moran, Daniel. 2002. “The International Law of the Sea in a Globalized World.” in Globalization and Maritime Power, ed. Sam J. Tangredi, Washington: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University.
Rosenberg, David. 2009. “Fisheries management in the South China Sea.” In Security and International Politics in the South China Sea, eds. Sam Bateman and Ralf Emmers, Routledge: NY, 61-79.
Woon, Walter. 2009. “The ASEAN Charter Dispute Settlement Mechanisms.” in The Making of the ASEAN Charter, eds. Tommy Koh, Rosario G. Manalo and Walter Woon, Singapore: World Scientific : 69-77.


(四)會議論文
Ihara, Nobuhiro. 2010. “RETHINKING THE BANGSAEN INFORMAL MEETING ON THE SABAH ISSUE, 1968-1969 The Internalization Process of the ASEAN Way,” APSA Conference 2010, Connected Globe: Conflicting Worlds Program, University of Melbourne, Australia.
Nass, T. 2000. "Environmental co-operation around the South China Sea." The experience of the South China Sea Workshops and the United Nations Environment Programme's Strategic Action Programme. Paper presented under panel 1: The Environment, Energy and Maritime Affairs at the conference "Human and Regional Security around the South China Sea, Oslo: 2-4.
Thayer, Carlyle A. 2009." Recent Developments in the South China Sea: Implications for Peace, Stability and Cooperation in the Region," Paper presented to International Worship on‘The South China Sea: Cooperation for Regional Security and Development’ co-organized by Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam and the Vietnam Lawyers’ Association Hanoi, Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
——————— 2011. "China-ASEAN and the South China Sea: Chinese Assertiveness and Southeast Asian Responses," Presented at International Conference on Major Law and Policy Issues in the South China Sea: European and American Perspectives, Taipei
Till, Geoffrey. 2011. "Close Encounters of the Maritime Kind: Freedom of Navigation and its Impact on the South China Sea Problem." Presented at the 2011 SINICA International Conference on Major Law and Policy Issues in the South China Sea: European and American Perspectives, Taipei, Taiwan.

（五）新聞報紙
"Spy plane standoff heightens US-China tensions," International Committee of the Fourth International, 3 April 2001.
"The application of White Eagle Overseas Oil Inc.," Manila Chronicle, 18 July 1971.
Edward Wong, " China Hedges Over Whether South China Sea Is a ‘Core Interest’ Worth War," New York Times, 30 March, 2011.
Lee Kuan Yew, "China's Rise: A Shift in Global Influence," Forbes Magazine, 29 December , 2010.
Mark Valencia, "China and America at odds over the South China Sea," The Japan Times, 12 Oct 2011.
Mustaqim Adamrah, "S. China Sea pressures ASEAN," The Jakarta Post, 1 June 2011.

（六）網站
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（七）電子報
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