本文以當代人道干預所造成的爭議作為問題意識的切入點，並依此針對其背後的論證邏輯進行討論。本文首先將指出，事實上，人道干預的爭議出自於其與傳統義戰理論具有相似的論證邏輯，同樣是依據某種價值體系自我證成武力的使用，都是具有「正當理由」的軍事行動。而圍繞著具有正當理由才能發動戰爭，亦即訴諸出戰正義這點，我們可以發現有兩種完全不同的戰爭論述，分別以思想家瓦瑟爾與施密特為代表。前者認為只有在具備正當理由的情況下才能發動軍事行動，如此才能有效約束軍事行動的發生，而後者則持相反的立場，一旦訴諸出戰正義，以正當理由賦予軍事行動發動上的正當性，那麼不僅無法達到限縮戰爭的目的，相反的很有可能會使軍事行動罔顧對武力手段的相關規範，以極為激烈、殘忍且非人性化的形式出現。
本文主要目的在於，以「出戰正義」作為主要的軸線，勾勒出兩種在「出戰正義」概念上有不同詮釋的戰爭論述，並對其進行比較性的研究。在論證過程中我們將發現，瓦瑟爾與施密特在「出戰正義」詮釋上的差異，也將反映出在「對正義戰爭的定義」、「如何限縮軍事行動」以及「對當代人道干預的立場」這些層面上，兩位思想家有截然完全不同的觀點。而針對正義戰爭理論的邏輯，從瓦瑟爾與施密特戰爭論述的比較中可以得出一個結論，那就是，訴諸出戰正義，強調發動軍事行動需要具有正當理由（即便只有一點點），都可能會使軍事行動轉以激烈的型態呈現。

Based on the issue of humanitarian intervention, this thesis tried to analyze the logic of tradition just war theory. At first, this thesis tried to indicate that humanitarian intervention had similar logic with tradition just war theory. Both of them were military action with “just cause” (jus d bellum), which self-justified the use of force on the basis of specific value system. According to the “just cause”, we could find two completely different war theory, represented by Michael Walzer and Carl Schmitt. The former believed that it is necessary to launch military action with just cause, so that the military action can be effectively restrained. However, the latter hold opposite standpoint. Once resorting just cause to justify the military action, not only could not limit the war, but would make military action ignore the regulations of military means. Under this circumstances, military action would turn into the form of extreme brutal and dehumanizing. The purpose of this thesis was to analyze and compare Walzer and Schmitt’s war theory, and then we could find they had different interpretation in “just cause”. Besides that, the distinct interpretation of just cause would also reflect in “the definition of just war”, “how to limit the military action” and “the position of humanitarian intervention”. Hence, the two thinkers’ war theory were completely distinct. For the logic of tradition just war theory, we could have a conclusion by comparing Walzer and Schmitt’s war theory. That was once resort to just cause (jus ad bellum) (even if only a little), might transform military action into brutal forms.

目錄

第一章、緒論 1
第一節、前言：當代人道干預及其問題 1
第二節、施密特與瓦瑟爾的義戰理論 7
第三節、文獻回顧 9
第四節、章節安排 14

第二章、正義戰爭與人道干預 16
第一節、發動基督教義戰的正當理由 16
第二節、發動人道干預的正當理由 19

第三章、瓦瑟爾論正義戰爭 23
第一節、發動軍事行動的限制 24
（ㄧ）、發動軍事行動的條件 24
（二）、正當的軍事行動：自衛反擊、人道干預 29
（三）、賦予軍事行動正當性的道德原則 33
第二節、軍事行動手段上的限制：戰爭法 35

第四章、施密特論正義戰爭 43
第一節、古典戰爭概念（受節制的戰爭） 43
（ㄧ）、歐洲秩序的轉變與歐洲公法 43
（二）、政治性概念與受節制的戰爭 48
1、政治性概念 48
2、受節制的戰爭 52
第二節、歧視性戰爭 57
（ㄧ）、國際法概念的轉變 57
（二）、戰爭概念的轉變，轉向歧視性戰爭 59
1. 歧視性戰爭中的敵人概念 60
2. 歧視性戰爭的案例：以人類為名的戰爭 62

第五章、結論 65
第一節、瓦瑟爾的義戰理論（支持正當理由） 65
第二節、施密特的義戰理論（反對正當理由） 67
第三節、綜合性的結論 69

參考資料 72

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