智慧製造概念方興未艾，各種價值論述不一而足，無論是從相關解決方案商之商業觀點，到產業政策之推動方向，均有待釐清。是否將生產工序加以智能自動化，即為智慧製造概念之落實呢？更進一步言，僅大量投資於智能自動化生產，而忽略是否能藉此開發新利基市場，甚至員工訓練是否充足能將此生產智能自動化之效益極大化，需要有一套整體性思考。
有鑑於生產規模與形式之差異，製造業者在其發展亦進程上不一，通用型式之生產智能自動化策略並不能一體適用，再者智慧製造是企業獲利之手段之一，而並非經營之最終目的，因此如何能將智慧製造之概念，應從哪些面向思考，具體落實於當前製造能力之強化上，是製造業者邁向智慧化之首要課題。
本文從當前智慧製造概念論述中，加以綜合整理，以產品生命週期為核心，深入剖析智慧製造之經營義涵，不僅涵括智能自動化生產之狹義智慧製造範疇，更提出市場驅動與組織改造等面向，並聚焦於資源基礎差異化作為之全面智慧製造策略。同時，在深化製造業智慧化過程中，點出可能遭遇障礙之潛在原因，係缺乏智慧化所需之九種能力；依此，本文針對台灣中小型製造業邁向智慧化提出具體建議，在生產智能自動化之外，能有序地儲備與磨練開拓新利基市場之利器。

The concept of smart manufacturing is in the ascendant, many value propositions have been brought out, from the solution providers’ business intention to the industrial optimization policy promotion point of view, and yet still obscure. Does merely deploying the production equipment to automate the process mean the realization of this smart manufacturing concept? Furthermore, will this significant investment be able to lead the business to a new niche market? Or, can this automation equipment optimize the production efficiency without having the adequate intensive training? It needs to well-consider on more perspectives.
Owing to the variance of production scales and business models and the progress of pursuing the smart manufacturing, a generic production process automation scheme ia not able to fit for all types of manufacturers. On the other hand, the smart manufacturing is not the ultimate business goal but one of the approaches to grow revenue. Therefore, how to apply the smart manufacturing concept, finding the appropriate and feasible angle to cut-in, is the major challenge of manufacturers.
This paper studied and analyzed the current value propositons on smart manufacturing from various aspects, presents an overall strategy—resource-based, differentiation-driven, product lifecycle-centric—on pursuing the smart manufacturing. It comprehensively discloses the business objective of why doing so, not just cover the process automation view, but emphasizes more on the exploring the niche market and the organization transformation as well.
At the mean time, it also highlights the potential obstacle—lacking the nine required capabilities during pursuing the smart manufacturing; thus, this paper addresses the tangible recommendations, besides the automation, how to cultivate the abilities as the swiss-knife of penetrating niche market, to the small and medium manufacturers in Taiwan.

壹、 前 言 1
貳、 微利世代下經營挑戰 3
參、 研究問題 5
肆、 文獻探討 9
伍、 研究架構與方法 13
陸、 智慧製造典範標竿觀點 15
一、 博世力士樂觀點 16
二、 德國貿易投資觀點 17
三、 製造企業解決方案協會觀點 17
四、 勤業眾信觀點 18
五、 國際商業機器觀點 20
六、 綜合觀點 21
柒、 智慧製造解決方案商觀點 23
一、 研華科技觀點 23
二、 致茂電子觀點 24
三、 台達電觀點 26
四、 明基智能觀點 27
五、 綜合觀點 28
玖、 政策推動與研究機構觀點 30
一、 智慧機械產業推動策略與作法 30
二、 從智慧製造趨勢看台灣產業的機會與挑戰 31
三、 精密機械發展推動平台暨人才扎根計畫 32
四、 綜合觀點 33
壹拾、 智慧製造策略解析 34
壹拾壹、 網宇實體系統 36
壹拾貳、 訪談大綱設計 39
壹拾參、 訪廠對象背景說明 42
一、 印刷機械業者 44
二、 電梯業者 44
三、 汽車零組件業 44
四、 軸承業 45
五、 印刷電路板業 45
六、 綠能儲能業 45
七、 散熱器業 45
八、 紡織業 46
九、 化學纖維業 46
十、 製鞋機具業 46
十一、 製鞋業 46
十二、 訪談過程 47
壹拾肆、 訪廠分析與發現 47
一、 貴公司邁向智慧化生產過程中，需要特別關注的面向 47
二、 貴公司目前正在使用的資訊系統 51
三、 貴公司正在規劃將要使用的資訊系統 55
四、 貴公司最近導入資訊系統的理由與預期效益 58
五、 貴公司有意願本研究團隊進一步訪廠請益與交流嗎？ 60
六、 訪談整理 61
壹拾伍、 資訊系統成功模式理論之再探討 61
壹拾陸、 發展智慧製造之障礙原因分析 61
壹拾柒、 發展智慧製造之能力成熟度 67
壹拾捌、 網宇實體系統導入前後差異 71
壹拾玖、 製造業智慧化建議 76
一、 邁向智慧製造之核心能力 77
二、 智慧製造導入 79
三、 智慧製造導入方法論 81
四、 智慧製造經營分析 84
五、 智慧製造產品生命週期管理 85
六、 網宇實體系統開發 86
七、 面向顧客價值產品論述 88
壹拾玖、 製造業智慧化服務 89
貳拾、 結論 90
附錄 100

參考文獻
[1] BCM Advanced Research, "Industry 4.0 - The future of the Factory," 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.bcmcom.com/solutions_application_industry40.htm.
[2] A. Nambiar, Information Systems as the Key Enabler in Engineer-to-Order Supply Chain Management, IGI Global, 2017, p. 426.
[3] L. Hakim and N. Susanti, "nfluence of Customer Relationship Management, Brand Equity, Perceived Product Quality, Perceived Price on Customer Value and Purchase Intention (Studies Philips Light Bulb in Batam)," International Journal of Economics and Finance, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 122-131, 2017.
[4] R. P. Jindal, K. R. Sarangee, R. Echambadi and S. Lee, "Designed to Succeed: Dimensions of Product Design and Their Impact on Market Share," Journal of Marketing, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 72-89, 2016.
[5] S. Huang, H. Fu and Y. Ma, "Coordinating a Supply Chain When Manufacturer Makes Cost Reduction Investment in Supplier," Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, pp. 1-8, 2016.
[6] 行政院, 2017. [線上]. Available: http://www.ey.gov.tw/hot_topic.aspx?n=A8693F3CE2524A65&sms=4C49A93455BCB35D.
[7] 行政院主計總處, “產業關聯編製報告,” 2011.
[8] 經濟部工業局, “推動中堅企業躍升計畫,” 2017. [線上]. Available: http://www.mittelstand.org.tw/information.php?p_id=74.
[9] K.-D. Thoben, S. Wiesner and T. Wuest, ""Industrie 4.0"" and Smart Manufacturing–A Review of Research Issues and Application Examples," Int. J. of Automation Technology, vol. 11, no. 1, 2017.
[10] L. Reinfurt, M. Falkenthal, U. Breitenbücher and F. Leymann, "Applying IoT Patterns to Smart Factory Systems," in {Proceedings of the 11th Advanced Summer, 2017.
[11] ConceptDraw, "The Newest Edition of ConceptDraw AWS Architecture Diagrams Solution is Released," CS Odessa Corp, 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.conceptdraw.com/news/aws-architecture-diagrams-solution-updates. [Accessed 2018].
[12] B. Sun, S.-L. Jämsä-Jounela, Y. Todorov, L. Olivier and I. Craig, "Perspective for Equipment Automation in Process Industries," in The Control Conference Africa 2017 International Federation of Automatic Control, 2017.
[13] S. Richter, M. Trier and A. Richter, "Value Co-creation in the Digital Factory–The Empowered Role of Shop Floor Workers," in ACIS 2017-28th Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Hobart, Australia, 2017.
[14] I. Pawełoszek and J. Korczak, "An Approach to Discovery of Customer Profiles," in Research and Practical Issues of Enterprise Information Systems, 2016.
[15] A. Payne, P. Frow and A. Eggert, "The Customer Value Proposition: Evolution, Development, and Application in Marketing," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 45, no. 4, p. 467–489, 2017.
[16] T.-H. Tseng and G. Balabanis, "The Role of "Consumer Need for Uniqueness" and Product Typicality in Explaining Variation of Country of Origin Effects," in Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2017.
[17] S. Gallino, A. Moreno and I. Stamatopoulos, "Channel Integration, Sales Dispersion, and Inventory Management," Management Science, 2016.
[18] B. Li, P.-W. Hou, P. Chen and Q.-H. Li, "Pricing Strategy and Coordination in a Dual Channel Supply Chain with a Risk-Averse Retailer," International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 278, pp. 154-168, 2016.
[19] Y. Suzuki and S.-H. Lu, "Economies of Product Diversity in Collaborative Logistics," Journal of Business Logistics, vol. 38, no. 2, p. 115–129, 2017.
[20] A. G. Lyutov and Y. V. Ryabov, "Smart Control and Product Quality," Russian Engineering Research, vol. 36, no. 2, p. 126–128, 2016.
[21] N. Yunos, B. Hussin, A. Hamid and N. Aziati, "Computation of Overall Equipment Effectiveness towards Growing the Productivity Performance in Manufacturing Industry," in World Conference on Engineering and Applied Science, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, 2017.
[22] A. Khalid, P. Kirisci, Z. Ghrairi, K.-D. Thoben and J. Pannek, "A Methodology to Develop Collaborative Robotic Cyber Physical Systems for Production Environments," Logistics Research, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2016.
[23] J. Jin, Y. Liu and H. Liu, "Understanding Big Consumer Opinion Data for Market-Driven Product Design," International Journal of Production Research, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 3019-3041, 2016.
[24] N. Bocken and A. v. Bogaert, "Sustainable Business Model Innovation for Positive Societal and Environmental Impact," Sustainable Development Research at ICIS Taking Stock and Looking Ahead, pp. 107-119, 2016.
[25] R. Chhatrawat and A. Dixit, "Lean Production System: A Review," International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 452-457, 2016.
[26] R. Secchi and A. Camuffo, "Rolling out Lean Production Systems: A Knowledge-based Perspective," International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 61-85, 2016.
[27] PTC, “PLM 產品生命週期管理軟體,” 2017. [線上]. Available: http://www.ptc-taiwan.com/product-lifecycle-management.
[28] Siemens Product Lifecycle Management Software, “PLM 產品生命週期管理,” 2017. [線上]. Available: https://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/zh_tw/plm/.
[29] W. H. DeLone and E. R. McLean, "Information Systems Success Measurement," Foundations and Trends® in Information Systems, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-116, 2016.
[30] J. Corbin and A. Strauss, "Basics of Qualitative Research：Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques , Canons and Evaluative Criteria," Zeitschrift für Soziologie, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 418-427, 1990.
[31] Bosch Rexroth AG, "About Bosch Rexroth," 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.boschrexroth.com/en/xc/company/about-bosch-rexroth/about-bosch-rexroth. [Accessed 2017].
[32] Bosch Rexroth AG, "Industry 4.0: Connected Automation Starts Now," 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.boschrexroth.com/en/xc/trends-and-topics/industry-4-0/connected-industry-1. [Accessed 2017].
[33] Germany Trade & Invest, "About Us," 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/EN/Meta/About-us/. [Accessed 2017].
[34] Germany Trade & Invest, "The Future of Automated Manufacturing," 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/EN/invest,t=smart-factory,did=626028.html. [Accessed 2017].
[35] MESA International, "About MESA," 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.mesa.org/en/aboutus/aboutmesa.asp. [Accessed 2017].
[36] MESA International, "MESA Model," 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.mesa.org/en/modelstrategicinitiatives/MESAModel.asp. [Accessed 2017].
[37] Deloitte, "About Deloitte," 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/about-deloitte.html. [Accessed 2017].
[38] N. Kunkel and S. Soechtig, "Mixed Reality: Experiences Get More Intuitive, Immersive, and Empowering," Deloitte University Press, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/focus/tech-trends/2017/mixed-reality-applications-potential.html. [Accessed 2017].
[39] IBM, “產能、品質大提昇！助力製造業全面自動化,” 2017. [線上]. Available: http://www-07.ibm.com/tw/press/ibmtw60/ibmtw60_industry.html. [存取日期: 2017].
[40] IBM, "Manufacturing," 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.ibm.com/internet-of-things/iot-solutions/iot-manufacturing/. [Accessed 2017].
[41] "15 Stand-alone Concepts for the Smart Factory," IoT Analytics GmbH, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://iot-analytics.com/industrial-internet-disrupt-smart-factory/. [Accessed 2017].
[42] 研華科技, “迎接工業4.0：整合自動化系統與雲端創新技術,” 2017. [線上]. Available: http://www.advantech.tw/industrial-automation/industry4.0/. [存取日期: 2017].
[43] 致茂電子, “智慧製造系統解決方案,” 2017. [線上]. Available: http://www.chroma.com.tw/product/list/mes.htm. [存取日期: 2017].
[44] 台達電, “工業自動化,” 2017. [線上]. Available: http://www.deltaww.com/Solutions/CategoryListT1.aspx?CID=02&hl=zh-TW. [存取日期: 2017].
[45] 明基智能, “MES 智慧製造,” 2017. [線上]. Available: https://www.benqbusinesssolution.com/manufacturing/mes.html. [存取日期: 2017].
[46] 行政院, “智慧機械產業推動方案規劃,” 2017. [線上]. Available: http://www.ey.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=4E506D8D07B5A38D&s=D98F7BAFB503B307. [存取日期: 2017].
[47] 馬仁宏, “從國際智慧製造趨勢看台灣產業的機會與挑戰,” 工研院產經中心, 2017. [線上]. Available: https://goo.gl/QwA3wT. [存取日期: 2017].
[48] 產業人才扎根計畫辦公室, “精密機械發展推動平台暨人才扎根計畫,” 經濟部工業局, 2015. [線上]. Available: http://pmccontest.com/uploads/downloads/2016/%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8D%E6%89%8E%E6%A0%B9%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA0105.pdf. [存取日期: 2017].
[49] S. Zetie, "The Quality Circle Approach to Knowledge Management," The quality circle approach to knowledge management, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 317-321, 2002.
[50] S. Lee, G. Park, B. Yoon and J. Park, "Open Innovation in SMEs—An Intermediated Network Model," Research Policy, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 290-300, 2010.
[51] D. Ringov, "Dynamic Capabilities and Firm Performance," Long Range Planning, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 653-664, 2017.
[52] Y. Eshima and B. S. Anderson, "Firm Growth, Adaptive Capability, and Entrepreneurial Orientation," Strategic Management Journal, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 770-779, 2017.
[53] Y.-C. Hsiao, C.-J. Chen, R.-S. Guo and K.-K. H, "First-mover Strategy, Resource Capacity Alignment, and New Product Performance: A Framework for Mediation and Moderation Effects," Strategy and Policy Decisions in R&D Management, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 75-87, 2017.
[54] 簡禎富, “如何先打造出「工業 3.5」的能力？,” 哈佛商業評論, 2017. [線上]. Available: https://www.hbrtaiwan.com/Article_content_AR0006908.html. [存取日期: 2017].
[55] 林隆潤, “以智慧製造迎接下一波產業變革,” 商周, 2016. [線上]. Available: http://www.businessweekly.com.tw/article.aspx?id=30455&type=Indep. [存取日期: 2017].
[56] 魏淑芳, “整合產業資源 智慧製造全面啟動,” DIGITIMES, 2017. [線上]. Available: http://www.digitimes.com.tw/iot/article.asp?cat=130&id=0000498510_mbv6nnqh0lte0k1leehmy. [存取日期: 2017].
[57] 熊治民, “為客戶創造價值以智慧製造強化競爭力,” 工研院產業經濟與趨勢研究中心, 2017. [線上]. Available: https://www.itri.org.tw/chi/Content/NewsLetter/Contents.aspx?SiteID=1&MmmID=5000&MSid=744265404056245043. [存取日期: 2017].
[58] 張禮立, “從大數據到智能製造,” 北京一點網聚科技, 2016. [線上]. Available: http://www.yidianzixun.com/article/0F74e187. [存取日期: 2017].
[59] 崔曉文, “數字製造和智慧製造支撐智慧工廠,” 第一情報 , 2015. [線上]. Available: http://www.libnet.sh.cn:82/gate/big5/www.istis.sh.cn/list/list.aspx?id=9028. [存取日期: 2017].
[60] 林錫金, “製造業生產力 4.0 計畫推動作法之我見,” 中國生產力中心, 2016. [線上]. Available: http://mymkc.com/article/content/22429. [存取日期: 2017].
[61] 劉子歆 且 蕭詠璋, “未來製造對我國傳統產業價值鏈的影響分析,” 金屬工業研究發展中心, 2017. [線上]. Available: http://mii.mirdc.org.tw/Article/ViewDetail?nid=14580. [存取日期: 2017].
[62] 游明德, “智能製造時代來臨 台製造業面臨三大衝擊,” 資誠聯合會計師事務所, 2017. [線上]. Available: http://www.pwc.tw/zh/news/press-release/press-20170123.html. [存取日期: 2017].
[63] A. Schumacher, S. Erolb and W. Sihna, "A Maturity Model for Assessing Industry 4.0 Readiness and Maturity of Manufacturing Enterprises," Procedia CIRP, vol. 52, pp. 161-166, 2016.
[64] Y. Kim and K. Suzuki, "Social Context Representation in Product-Service Systems with Internet of Things," Open Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 3, no. 07, p. 187, 2015.
[65] D. Miklovic, "What & Why: Manufacturing Enterprise Architecture Process & Document," Cambridge, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://blog.lnsresearch.com/what-why-manufacturing-enterprise-architecture-process-document.
[66] K. A. Neuendorf, The Content Analysis Guidebook, Sage, 2016.
[67] Y. Wang, H. Bai, M. Stanton, W.-Y. Chen and E. Y. Chang, "PLDA: Parallel Latent Dirichlet Allocation for Large-Scale Applications," in International Conference on Algorithmic Applications in Management, 2009.
[68] Y. Ohsawa, N. E. Benson and M. Yachida, "KeyGraph: Automatic Indexing by Co-occurrence Graph-based on Building Construction Metaphor," in Research and Technology Advances in Digital Libraries, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, 1998.