近年來共享經濟（Sharing Economy）透過行動裝置和網路而蓬勃發展， 其服務模式也因為資訊及通訊技術的創新而有了不同的轉變。在許多不同科技介入服務的情形下，讓傳統的密碼、身分認證機制受到挑戰，亦使得透過人體特徵作為識別或驗證的生物辨識技術逐漸興起，藉由行動裝置而逐漸普及於日常。部分國外共享企業透過採用生物辨識技術強化自身服務的便利性與安全性，但目前台灣尚未採用此技術於共享經濟中，故引起本研究之探討動機，希望了解台灣交通類共享經濟採用生物辨識技術的可能性。
此外，目前較少相關研究著墨於生物辨識技術的使用者行為意圖探討，促使本研究欲以交通共享為研究範疇，利用由人口遷移理論延伸出的推-拉-繫住力（Push-Pull-Mooring）模型，由移動（遷徙）的角度，探討使用者在面對創新科技時，會受何種因素而影響其決策。
本研究以問卷方式進行調查，共蒐集有效問卷495份，問卷主要在於探討使用者對於生物辨識技術用於交通共享的使用意願。資料分析方面則針對樣本進行敘述性統計分析、信效度分析、相關分析與多元迴歸分析等，以測試模型與驗證本研究之假說。
研究結果發現，研究變數包括便利性、安全性、有用性、易用性、創新接受程度、轉換成本、信任與主觀規範等八大變數皆對轉移意願會產生影響，而其中便利性的影響最為顯著。最後，本研究亦根據結果提出管理面、政策面相關建議，研究發現亦可供政府在針對共享業者訂立專法時作為參考。

Sharing economy has been growing up all over the world via the application of mobile devices and networks. The service mode has been transformed due to information and communication technology innovation. Therefore, the conventional password and identity authentication mechanisms are confronted with challenge. The biometric technology, which applies human characteristics as identification or verification, has gradually become popular via mobile devices in our daily life. Take shared transported for example. Using biometric technology for enhancing convenience and security has been employed in some other countries, but not yet in the sharing economy platforms of Taiwan. This study aims to understand users’ intention of switching to biometric technology in Taiwan's shared transport.
This study applies the Push-Pull-Mooring model based on the migration theory for analysis. The model is adapted in order to understand the factors that influence users’ switching intention to biometric technology in the case of shared transport.
The data is collected via an on-line survey. There are 495 valid samples collected in May 2018. Descriptive statistical analysis, reliability and validity analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis are performed to test the model.
The results of this study demonstrate that eight variables, including convenience, security, usefulness, ease of use, acceptance of innovations, switching costs, trust and subjective norms, all have an impact on switching intention. Among them, convenience has the most significant influence. This study puts forward management and policy suggestions. The results can be taken into consideration while the government drafts regulations on the sharing economy.

目錄

摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 vii
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 文獻回顧 14
第一節 共享經濟 14
第二節 生物辨識技術 22
第三節 推-拉-繫住力（Push-Pull-Mooring，PPM）模型 26
第三章 研究方法 28
第一節 研究架構與假設 28
第二節 研究變數衡量 38
第三節 研究範圍與對象 39
第四節 問卷預試分析 40
第五節 資料分析方法 41
第四章 統計分析 43
第一節 資料蒐集及分析方法 43
第二節 樣本資料分析 43
第三節 敘述性統計分析 48
第四節 信效度分析 55
第五節 相關分析 56
第六節 迴歸分析 57
第七節 獨立樣本T檢定與單因子變異數分析 61
第五章 結論與建議 80
第一節 研究發現 80
第二節 實務意涵 84
第三節 研究限制 86
第六章 參考文獻 88
附錄 研究問卷 95

Agarwal, R., & Prasad, J. (1998). A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology. Information systems research, 9(2), 204-215.
Akbar, P., Mai, R., & Hoffmann, S. (2016). When do materialistic consumers join commercial sharing systems. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4215-4224.
Anttiroiko, A. V., Valkama, P., & Bailey, S. J. (2014). Smart cities in the new service economy: building platforms for smart services. AI & society, 29(3), 323-334.
Bansal, H. S., Taylor, S. F., & St. James, Y. (2005). “Migrating” to new service providers: Toward a unifying framework of consumers’ switching behaviors. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 33(1), 96-115.
Batty M, Axhausen KW, Giannotti F, Pozdnoukhov A, Bazzani A, Wachowicz M, Ouzounis G and Portugali Y (2012). Smart cities of the future. European Physical Journal , 214, 481–518.
Belk, R., & Llamas, R. (2011). The nature and effects of sharing in consumer behavior. Transformative consumer research for personal and collective well-being, 625-46.
Berry, L. L., Seiders, K., & Grewal, D. (2002). Understanding service convenience. Journal of marketing, 66(3), 1-17.
Böckmann, M. (2013). The Shared Economy: It is time to start caring about sharing; value creating factors in the shared economy. University of Twente, Faculty of Management and Governance.
Botsman, R., & Rogers, R. (2010). What's Mine Is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption. New York, NY: Harper Business.
Botsman, R. (2013). The Sharing Economy Lacks A Shared Definition. Fast Company. Retrieved from http://www.fastcoexist.com/3022028/the-sharing-economy-lacks-a-shareddefinition
Brainard, J., Juels, A., Rivest, R. L., Szydlo, M., & Yung, M. (2006, October). Fourth-factor authentication: somebody you know. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM conference on Computer and communications security (pp. 168-178). ACM.
Burnham, T. A., Frels, J. K., & Mahajan, V. (2003). Consumer switching costs: A typology, antecedents, and consequences. Journal of the Academy of marketing Science, 31(2), 109-126.
Carlos Roca, J., José García, J., & José de la Vega, J. (2009). The importance of perceived trust, security and privacy in online trading systems. Information Management & Computer Security, 17(2), 96-113.
Chen, X., Wang, X., & Jiang, X. (2016). The impact of power structure on the retail service supply chain with an O2O mixed channel. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 67(2), 294-301.
Chen, Y. C. (2010). Citizen-centric e-government services: Understanding integrated citizen service information systems. Social Science Computer Review, 28(4), 427-442.
Clodfelter, R. (2010). Biometric technology in retailing: Will consumers accept fingerprint authentication?. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 17(3), 181-188.
Cohen, B., & Kietzmann, J. (2014). Ride on! Mobility business models for the sharing economy. Organization & Environment, 27(3), 279-296.
Corbitt, B. J., Thanasankit, T., & Yi, H. (2003). Trust and e-commerce: a study of consumer perceptions. Electronic commerce research and applications, 2(3), 203-215.
Dameri, R. P. (2017). Using ICT in Smart City. Smart City Implementation , 45-65.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 319-340.
Dellarocas, C. (2005). Reputation mechanism design in online trading environments with pure moral hazard. Information Systems Research, 16(2), 209-230.
Dillahunt, T. R., & Malone, A. R. (2015). The promise of the sharing economy among disadvantaged communities. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2285-2294). ACM.
Dunleavy, P., Margetts, H., Bastow, S., & Tinkler, J. (2006). New public management is dead—long live digital-era governance. Journal of public administration research and theory, 16(3), 467-494.
Feeney, M., & Companies Uber, R. (2015). Is Ridesharing Safe?.
Gefen, D., & Straub, D. W. (2000). The relative importance of perceived ease of use in IS adoption: A study of e-commerce adoption. Journal of the association for Information Systems, 1(1), 8.
Hamari, J., Sjöklint, M., & Ukkonen, A. (2016). The sharing economy: Why people participate in collaborative consumption. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(9), 2047-2059.
Harding, S., Kandlikar, M., & Gulati, S. (2016). Taxi apps, regulation, and the market for taxi journeys. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 88, 15-25.
Hashem, I. A. T., Chang, V., Anuar, N. B., Adewole, K., Yaqoob, I., Gani, A., ... & Chiroma, H. (2016). The role of big data in smart city. International Journal of Information Management, 36(5), 748-758.
Head, B. W., & Alford, J. (2015). Wicked problems: Implications for public policy and management. Administration & Society, 47(6), 711-739.
Hendriks, A. M., Jansen, M. W., Gubbels, J. S., De Vries, N. K., Molleman, G., & Kremers, S. P. (2015). Local government officials׳ views on intersectoral collaboration within their organization–A qualitative exploration. Health Policy and Technology, 4(1), 47-57.
Hsieh, J. K., Hsieh, Y. C., Chiu, H. C., & Feng, Y. C. (2012). Post-adoption Switching Behavior for Online Service Substitutes: A Perspective of the Push-Pull-Mooring Framework. Computer in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1912–1920.
Holson, L. M. (2012). What were you thinking？for couples, new source of online friction. The New York Times.
Jain, A., Hong, L., & Pankanti, S. (2000). Biometric identification. Communications of the ACM, 43(2), 90-98.
Jones, P., Williams, P., Hillier, D., & Comfort, D. (2007). Biometrics in retailing. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 35(3), 217-222.
Keaveney, S. M.（1995）. Customer Switching Behavior in Service Industries: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Marketing, 59(2), 71-82.
Lin, H. F. (2011). An empirical investigation of mobile banking adoption: The effect of innovation attributes and knowledge-based trust. International journal of information management, 31(3), 252-260.
Lupu, C., Găitan, V. G., & Lupu, V. (2015). Improving the Security of Internet Banking Applications by Using Multimodal Biometrics. Journal of Applied Computer Science & Mathematics, (19).
Mahfouz, A., Mahmoud, T. M., & Eldin, A. S. (2017). A survey on behavioral biometric authentication on smartphones. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 37, 28-37.
Masum, H., Tovey, M., & Newmark, C. (2012). The reputation society: How online opinions are reshaping the offline world. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
Mansour, K. B., Kooli, K., & Utama, R. (2014). Online trust antecedents and their consequences on purchase intention: An integrative approach. Journal of Customer Behaviour, 13(1), 25-42.
Meijer, A., & Bolívar, M. P. R. (2016). Governing the smart city: a review of the literature on smart urban governance. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 82(2), 392-408.
Mergel, I. (2013). A framework for interpreting social media interactions in the public sector. Government Information Quarterly, 30(4), 327-334.
Midgley, D. F., & Dowling, G. R. (1978). Innovativeness: The concept and its measurement. Journal of consumer research, 4(4), 229-242.
Miltgen, C. L., Popovič, A., & Oliveira, T. (2013). Determinants of end-user acceptance of biometrics: Integrating the “Big 3” of technology acceptance with privacy context. Decision Support Systems, 56, 103-114.
Moon, B. (1995). Paradigms in migration research: exploring'moorings' as a schema. Progress in Human Geography, 19(4), 504-524.
Morosan, C. (2012). Theoretical and empirical considerations of guests’ perceptions of biometric systems in hotels: Extending the technology acceptance model. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 36(1), 52-84.
Nguyen, G. T. (2014). Exploring collaborative consumption business models-case peer-to-peer digital platforms.
Normalini, M. K., & Ramayah, T. (2017). Trust in internet banking in Malaysia and the moderating influence of perceived effectiveness of biometrics technology on perceived privacy and security. Journal of Management Sciences, 4(1), 3-26.
Ogbanufe, O., & Kim, D. J. (2017). Comparing fingerprint-based biometrics authentication versus traditional authentication methods for e-payment. Decision Support Systems.
Osborne, S. P., & Strokosch, K. (2013). It takes two to tango? Understanding the co‐production of public services by integrating the services management and public administration perspectives. British Journal of Management, 24(S1), S31–S47.
Owyang, J., Samuel, A. & Grenville, A. (2014). Sharing is the New Buying: How to Win in the Collaborative Economy. Vision Critical and Crowd Companies Report.
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. The Journal of Marketing, 41-50.
Pavlou, P. A. (2003). Consumer acceptance of electronic commerce: Integrating trust and risk with the technology acceptance model. International journal of electronic commerce, 7(3), 101-134.
Peng, X., Zhao, Y. C., & Zhu, Q. (2016). Investigating user switching intention for mobile instant messaging application: Taking WeChat as an example. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 206-216.
Posen, H. A. (2015). Ridesharing in the sharing economy: Should regulators impose Uber regulations on Uber. Iowa L. Rev., 101, 405.
Prothero, A., Dobscha, S., Freund, J., Kilbourne, W. E., Luchs, M. G., Ozanne, L. K., & Thøgersen, J. (2011). Sustainable consumption: Opportunities for consumer research and public policy. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 30(1), 31-38.
Sacks, D. (2011). The sharing economy. Fast company, 155(May), 88-93.
Sadhya, D., & Singh, S. K. (2016). Privacy preservation for soft biometrics based multimodal recognition system. Computers & Security, 58, 160-179.
Schor, J. (2016). Debating the sharing economy. Journal of Self-Governance & Management Economics, 4(3).
Srinivas, S., Balfanz, D., Tiffany, E., & Alliance, F. I. D. O. (2015). Universal 2nd factor (U2F) overview. FIDO Alliance Proposed Standard, 1-5.
Stephany, A. (2015). The business of sharing: making it in the new sharing economy. New York, NY:Palgrave MacMillan.
Stokes, K., Clarence, E., Anderson, L., & Rinne, A. (2014). Making Sense of the UK Collaborative Economy. London, UK: NESTA.
Tang, D., Yang, Y., Yan, Y., & Zhou, M. (2016). What determines online consumers to migrate from PCs to mobile devices?-An empirical approach on consumers' internet cross-channel behaviours. International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 22(1-2), 46-62.
Tassabehji, R., & Kamala, M. A. (2009, December). Improving e-banking security with biometrics: modelling user attitudes and acceptance. In New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS), 2009 3rd International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Taylor, S., & Todd, P. A. (1995). Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models. Information systems research, 6(2), 144-176.
Thomas, J. C. (2012). Citizen, customer, partner: Engaging the public in public management. Armonk, NY:M.E. Sharpe.
Torfing JB, Peters G, Pierre J and So¨ rensen E (2012). Interactive Governance: Advancing the Paradigm. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
United Nations (2017). Accenture, Microsoft Create Blockchain Solution to Support ID2020. Retrieved from: https://newsroom.accenture.com/news/ accenture-microsoft-create-blockchain-solution-to-support-id2020.htm
UNDESA, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2016). United Nations E-government Survey 2016: E-Government in Support of Sustainable Development.
Van der Heijden, H., Verhagen, T., & Creemers, M. (2003). Understanding online purchase intentions: contributions from technology and trust perspectives. European journal of information systems, 12(1), 41-48.
Watanabe, C., Naveed, K., & Neittaanmäki, P. (2016). Co-evolution of three mega-trends nurtures un-captured GDP–Uber’s ride-sharing revolution. Technology in Society, 46, 164-185.
Wu, Y. L., Tao, Y. H., Li, C. P., Wang, S. Y., & Chiu, C. Y. (2014). User-switching behavior in social network sites: A model perspective with drill-down analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 92-103.
Ye, C., & Potter, R. (2011). The Role of Habit in Post-Adoption Switching of Personal Information Technologies: An Empirical Investigation. CAIS, 28, 35.
Yousafzai, S., Pallister, J., & Foxall, G. (2009). Multi-dimensional role of trust in Internet banking adoption. The Service Industries Journal, 29(5), 591-605.
Yigitcanlar, T., Velibeyoglu, K., & Martinez-Fernandez, C. (2008). Rising knowledge cities: the role of urban knowledge precincts. Journal of knowledge management, 12(5), 8-20.
周桂田（2008）。全球在地化風險典範之衝突-生物特徵辨識作為全球鐵的牢籠。政治與社會哲學評論，24，101-189。
曾婉菁（2014）。人臉偵測及辨識方法探究。印刷科技，2，30-40。
財團法人台灣網路資訊中心（2017）。2017年台灣寬頻網路使用調查。擷取自： https://www.twnic.net.tw/download/200307/20170721e.pdf
經濟部商業司（2016）。電子商務雲端創新應用與基礎環境建置計畫。擷取自：http://www.cnra.org.tw/edm/2016b2c.pdf
Alec Ross（2016）。未來產業。（齊若蘭譯）。臺北市：天下文化（原著出版年：2016年）。
Benartzi, S., & Lehrer, J.（2016）。螢幕陷阱。（陳重亨譯）。臺北市：時報出版（原著出版年：2015年）。