本研究為瞭解廢水人工濕地處理系統中內分泌干擾物質(又稱為環境荷爾蒙)之流佈及削減能力，並選定台北縣大漢溪沿岸人工濕地群及屏東縣大鵬灣國家風景區環灣人工濕地群，進行進流的廢水中及人工濕地內壬基苯酚雙乙氧基醇、壬基苯酚單乙氧基醇、壬基苯酚及辛基苯酚之調查，就該類污染物質於不同空間及時間之排放特徵，來探討運用人工濕地系統之去除效能。另外，本研究還利用風險商數來計算濕地系統測站水體內分泌干擾物質可能造成環境危害影響之風險。
大鵬灣國家風景區人工濕地群係屬於鹹水型人工濕地處理海水養殖廢水，有關場址的選擇分別為大潭人工濕地、鵬村人工濕地及林邊右岸人工濕地，共設置32個樣站進行現況調查。所採樣品先以固相萃取法進行前處理，並利用高效能液相層析儀配合螢光偵測器進行定量與定性分析。分析結果顯示，三座人工濕地中之壬基苯酚雙乙氧基醇、壬基苯酚單乙氧基醇、壬基苯酚及辛基苯酚之濃度分別介於<3.3 ~968.7、<3.3~ 226.5、<1.3~238.4及<1.0~1,458.7 ng/L，檢出率分別為29.9、47.3、20.5及57.7%；對於各季節的濃度變化，依照排列順序依次為夏季＞春季＞冬季＞&#31187;季，對於不同型態人工濕地削減內分泌干擾物質之潛能，排列順序為大潭人工濕地＞鵬村人工濕地＞林邊右岸人工濕地。
大漢溪沿岸人工濕地群係屬於淡水型人工濕地處理生活污水，有關場址選擇分別為打鳥埤人工濕地、新海一期人工濕地和新海二期人工濕地，共設置18個樣站進行現況調查。分析結果顯示，壬基苯酚雙乙氧基醇、壬基苯酚單乙氧基醇、壬基苯酚及辛基苯酚之濃度分別介於<3.3~11,191.5、<3.3~ 6,069.0、<1.3~671.0及<1.0~5,581.9 ng/L，檢出率分別為91.9、84.8、17.1及73.7%；對這四種化合物之帄均去除率分別為58.2、69.8、42.9和55.1%，對於不同型式人工濕地削減內分泌干擾物質之潛能，排列順序依次為新海二期人工濕地＞打鳥埤人工濕地＞新海一期人工濕地。
在人工濕地風險危害評估方面，大漢溪沿岸人工濕地群的風險商數值比大鵬灣人工濕地群高，最高可至30倍，其中又以打鳥埤人工溼地的商數值最高，表示對水中生物會造成潛在的風險。整體而言，將各月份濃度加以帄均，並計算出其風險，觀察進流水與放流水的商數值變化，普遍有降低的趨勢，表示經過人工濕地處理後，確實可以有效降低烷基苯酚化合物對水生生物的風險性。

Alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs), a class of nonionic surfactants, have been widely used for industrial, agricultural and household applications. The biodegradation metabolites of APEOs, such as nonylphenol and octylphenol, are more persistent and known to disrupt endocrine function in wildlife and human. These compounds are also recognized as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The objectives of this study were to investigate the distribution and removal efficiencies of EDCs, including nonylphenol diethoxylates (NP2EO), nonylphenol monoethoxylates (NP1EO), nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP), of wastewater treated by the constructed wetland systems along the Dahan River and around the Dapeng Bay, respectively. In addition, the method of risk quotient was used to evaluate the potential ecological risk of APEOs to aquatic organisms in current study.
The water samples collected from 32 sampling sites in the Dapeng Bay National Scenic Area including Datan, Pengcun and Linbain right bank constructed wetlands. The samples were then concentrated by solid phase extraction, and analyzed for target compounds by HPLC/fluorescence. According to the results, nonylphenol diethoxylates, nonylphenol monoethoxylates, nonylphenol and octylphenol were found approximately equal to 29.9, 47.3, 20.5 and 57.7 %, respectively of the samples from three constructed wetlands with concentrations ranged from <3.3 to 968.7, <3.3 to 226.5, <1.3 to 238.4 and <1.0 to 1458.7 ng/L, respectively. Temporal variation of APEOs showed a decreasing in the order of summer＞spring＞winter＞autumn. The removal efficiencies of APEOs in these constructed wetlands showed a decreasing order of Datan wetland＞Pengcun wetland＞Linbain right bank wetland.
In addition, the samples collected from 18 sampling sites from the constructed wetlands along the riparian of Dahan River including Daniaopi, Hsin-Hai Bridge Phases I and II constructed wetlands. According to the results, nonylphenol diethoxylates, nonylphenol monoethoxylates, nonylphenol and octylphenol were found approximately equal to 91.9、84.8、17.1 and 73.7 %, respectively of samples collected from three constructed wetlands with concentrations ranged from <3.3 to 11191.5, <3.3 to 6069.0, <1.3 to 671.0 and <1.0 to 5581.9 ng/L, respectively. The removal potential of APEOs in these constructed wetlands showed a decreasing order of Hsin-Hai Bridge Phases II＞Daniaopi＞Hsin-Hai Bridge Phases I constructed wetland.
Regarding the ecological assessment in this research, the calculated risk quotients were up to 30 times higher in the constructed wetland systems of Dahan River than those in the Dapeng Bay National Scenic Area, indicating that the existing concentrations of these EDCs in wetland systems might cause potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms. Furthermore, the decreasing risk quotient from influent to effluent indicating the capabilities of treating alkylphenolic compounds in these constructed wetlands.

摘要 I
謝誌 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 X
第1章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目標 3
第2章 文獻回顧 4
2.1 濕地背景資料 4
2.1.1 濕地的定義 4
2.1.2濕地的分類 4
2.1.3人工濕地介紹 6
2.1.4人工濕地對於不同性質廢污水的應用 8
2.2內分泌干擾化學物質背景資料 10
2.2.1何謂內分泌干擾物質 10
2.2.2烷基苯酚化合物的來源與用途 12
2.2.3烷基苯酚化合物於水環境中的分佈 15
2.2.4烷基苯酚化合物於水環境中的宿命 25
2.2.5人工濕地相關應用研究 31
2.3研究區域背景資料 33
2.3.1大鵬灣現況與發展背景 33
2.3.2大潭人工濕地 36
2.3.3鵬村人工濕地 36
2.3.4林邊右岸人工濕地 37
2.3.5大漢溪現況與發展背景 38
2.3.6打鳥埤人工濕地 42
2.3.7新海一期人工濕地 42
2.3.8新海二期人工濕地 43
第3章 實驗材料與方法 44
3.1實驗藥品與儀器設備 44
3.1.1實驗藥品 44
3.1.2實驗材料 45
3.1.3實驗設備 45
3.2樣品收集與來源 46
3.2.1採樣點選擇 46
3.2.2採樣時間規劃 50
3.3樣品萃取與分析 51
3.3.1萃取步驟 51
3.3.2儀器設定參數 51
3.3.3實驗品保品管作業 53
第4章 結果與討論 55
4.1 大潭人工濕地 55
4.1.1 大潭濕地基本水體資料 55
4.1.2 烷基苯酚化合物於大潭濕地之濃度分佈 59
4.2 鵬村人工濕地 65
4.2.1 鵬村濕地基本水體資料 65
4.2.2 烷基苯酚化合物於鵬村人工濕地之濃度分佈 69
4.3 林邊右岸人工濕地 74
4.3.1 林邊右岸濕地基本水體資料 75
4.3.2 烷基苯酚化合物於林邊右岸濕地之濃度分佈 80
4.4 打鳥埤人工濕地 90
4.4.1 打鳥埤濕地基本水體資料 90
4.4.2 烷基苯酚化合物於打鳥埤濕地之濃度分佈 94
4.5 新海一期人工濕地 99
4.5.1 新海一期濕地基本水體資料 99
4.5.2 烷基苯酚化合物於新海一期濕地之濃度分佈 103
4.6 新海二期人工濕地 108
4.6.1 新海二期濕地基本水體資料 108
4.6.2 烷基苯酚化合物於新海二期濕地之濃度分佈 112
4.7風險評估 117
第5章 結論與建議 124
第6章 參考文獻 126
附錄 136

中央氣象局全球資訊網，氣候統計，2010。
中華民國野鳥學會，1994，http://www.bird.org.tw/index_img.php。
王正雄、張小萍、黃壬瑰、李宜樺、王世冠、洪文宗、陳珮珊：環境荷爾蒙-壬基苯酚殘留調查及其對雄鯉魚生理效應之研究，台灣公共衛生雜誌2001；20（3）：202-215。
台北縣主計處，台北縣各區域人口數統計，2010。
交通部觀光局大鵬灣國家風景區管理處，2009，人工濕地水質調查及經營管理規劃評估結果報告書。
行政院農委會林務局, 2003，農委會林務局自然資源與生態資料庫，何謂溼地網頁http://ngis.zo.ntu.edu.tw/wetland/whatis.htm。
行政院主計處，九十七年工商業登記家數統計，2010。
吳建誼，2001，以固相萃取及氣相層析質譜儀對水環境中壬基苯酚類持久性有機污染物之分析與研究，碩士論文，國立中央大學，化學研究所，桃園。
汪磊，辛穎，孫紅文，黃國蘭，戴樹桂，2007，壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在水溶液中的光降解行為研究，環境科學，28卷，第5期。
辛穎，孫紅文，蕭&#28487;，黃國蘭，光敏物質對壬基酚聚乙氧烯醚光降解的影響研究，黃河蘭州段典型污染物遷移轉化規律和承納水平研究，項目號50239060。
范綱閔，2008，藥物及個人防護產品於武洛溪人工溼地之分佈與去除率探討，碩士論文，屏東科技大學，環境工程與科學系，屏東。
屏東縣民政局，屏東縣各鄉鎮人口數統計，2010。
梁任賢，2005，人工濕地系統放流水的雌激素活性探討，碩士論文，嘉南藥理科技大學，環境工程與科學系，台南。
陳仁坤，2006，利用液相層析串聯質譜儀探討高雄市主要河川及港區水域烷基苯酚化合物之分布，碩士論文，海洋生物科技暨資源研究所，高雄。
許美芳，2003，環境荷爾蒙規劃調查，行政院環境保護署委託研究計畫成果報告，EPA-91-E3S5-02-01。
楊子君，2008，利用生物彗星檢定法評估人工濕地壬基苯酚毒性變化之可行性研究，碩士論文，屏東科技大學，環境工程與科學系，屏東。
楊紅，張克榮，鄭波，吳德生，2004，水體中壬基酚光催化降解影響因素的研究，四川大學學報(醫學版)，35卷，第3期。
經濟部水利署，水利統計，2010。
劉操，王子健，許宜平，黃炳彬，丁躍元，2007，北方人工濕地系統對內分泌干擾物質的去除效果，環境化學，第1期。
潘姿宇，2008，水中壬基苯酚直接光解之研究，碩士論文，輔英科技大學，環境工程與科學系，高雄。
謝季吟，2009，高屏溪下游段人工濕地生態及水質後續監測計畫報告書，經濟部水利署第七河川局，屏東。
薛美莉，2010，探討影響新海人工濕地氮削減的因子，第一屆台灣生態系研討會，第270-208頁。
Ahel, M., Molnar, E., Ibric, S., Giger, W. (2000). "Estrogenic metabolites of alkylphenol polyethoxylates in secondary sewage effluents and rivers." Water Science and Technology 42: 15-22.
Ahel, M., Schaffner, C., Giger, W. (1996). "Behaviour of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic environment—III. Occurrence and elimination of their persistent metabolites during infiltration of river water to groundwater." Water Research 30: 37-46.
Ahel, M., Scully, F. E., Jr., Hoigne', J., Giger, W. (1994). "Photochemical degradation of nonylphenol and nonylphenol polyethoxylates in natural waters." Chemosphere 28: 1361-1368.
Andreozzi, R., Caprio, V., Ciniglia, C., Champdore', M. D., Giudice, R. Lo., Marotta, R., Zuccato, E. (2004). "Antibiotics in the environment occurrence in Italian STPs fate and preliminary assessment on algal toxicity of amoxicillin." Environ. Sci. Technol. 38: 6832-6838.
Belmont, M. A., Ikonomou, M., Metcalfe, C. D. (2006). "Presence of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate surfactants in a watershed in central Mexico and removal from domestic sewage in a treatment wetland." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25: 29-35.
Belmont, M. A., Metcalfe, C. D. (2003). "Feasibility of using ornamental plants (Zantedeschia aethiopica) in subsurface flow treatment wetlands to remove nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants-a laboratory-scale study." Ecological Engineering 21: 233-247.
Bennie, D. T., Sullivan, C. A., Lee, H. B., Peart, T. E., Maguire, R. J. Maguire (1997). "Occurrence of alkylphenols and alkylphenol mono- and diethoxylates in natural waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes basin and the upper St. Lawrence River." The Science of the Total Environment: 263-275.
Blackburn, M. A., Kirby, S. J., Waldock, M. J. (1999). "Concentrations of Alkyphenol Polyethoxylates entering UK estuaries." Marine Polhaion Bulletin 38: 109-118.
Blackburn, M. A., Waldock, M. J. (1995). "Concentrations of alkylphenols in rivers and estuaries in England and Wales." Water Research 29: 1623-1629.
Borin, M., Tocchetto, D. (2007). "Five year water and nitrogen balance for a constructed surface flow wetland treating agricultural drainage waters." Science of the Total Environment 380: 38-47.
Bose, S., Vedamati, J., Rai, V., Ramanathan, A. L. (2008). "Metal uptake and transport by Tyaha angustata L. grown on metal contaminated waste amended soil: An implication of phytoremediation." Geoderma 145: 136-142.
Brooke, L. T. (1993). Acute and chronic toxicity of nonylphenol to ten species of aquatic organisms. Report to the W.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN (contract no. 68-C1-0034). Lake Superior Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, Wis.
Chen, L., Zhou, H. Y., Deng, Q. Y. (2007). "Photolysis of nonylphenol ethoxylates: The determination of the degradation kinetics and the intermediate products." Chemosphere 68: 354-359.
Conkle, J. L., White, J. R., Metcalfe, C. D. (2008). "Reduction of pharmaceutically active compounds by a lagoon wetland wastewater treatment system in Southeast Louisiana." Chemosphere 73: 1741-1748.
Cristina, S. C., Calheiros, A, Rangel, O. S. S., Castro, P. M. L. (2007). "Constructed wetland systems vegetated with different plants applied to the treatment of tannery wastewater." Water Research 41: 1790-1798.
Cripe, G. M., Ingley-Guezou, A., Goodman, L. R., Forester, J. (1989). " Effect of food availability on the acute toxicity of four chemicals to Mysidopsis bahia (Mysidacea) in static exposures." Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8: 333-338.
Dachs, J., Ry, D. A. V., Steven, J. (1999). "Occurrence of estrogenic Nonylphenols in the urban and coastal atmosphere of the lower hudson river estuary." Environ. Sci. Technol. 33: 2676-2679.
Ding, W. H., Tzing, S. H., Lo, J. H. (1999). "Occurrence and concentrations of aromatic surfactants and their degradation products in river waters of Taiwan." Chemosphere 38: 2597-2606.
Fauser, P., Vikelsoe, J., Sorensen, P. B., Carlsen, L. (2003). "Phthalates, nonylphenols and LAS in an alternately operated wastewater treatment plant-fate modelling based on measured concentrations in wastewater and sludge." Water Research 37: 1288-1295.
Ferguson, P. L., Iden, C. R., Brownawell, B. J. (2001). "Distribution and fate of neutral Alkylphenol Ethoxylate metabolites in a sewage-impacted urban estuary." Environ. Sci. Technol. 35: 2428-2435.
Fenner, K., Kooijman, C., Scheringer, M., Hungerb&#252;hler, K. (2002). "Including transformation products into the risk assessment for chemicals: The case of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate usage in Switzerland." Environ. Sci. Technol. 36: 1147-1154.
Galbrand, C., Lemieux, I. G., Ghaly, A. E., C&#244;t&#233;, R., Verma, M. (2008). "Water quality assessment of a constructed wetland treating landfill leachate and industrial park runoff." American Journal of Environmental Sciences 4: 111-120.
Giger, W., Brunner, P. H., Schaffner, C. (1984). "4-Nonylphenol in sewage sludge: accumulation of toxic metabolites from nonionic surfactants." Science 225: 623-625.
Gonza′lez, S., Petrovic, M., Barcelo′, D. (2007). "Removal of a broad range of surfactants from municipal wastewater-Comparison between membrane bioreactor and conventional activated sludge treatment." Chemosphere 67: 335-343.
Gottschall, N., Boutin, C., Crolla, A., Kinsley, C., Champagne, P. (2007). "The role of plants in the removal of nutrients at a constructed wetland treating agricultural (dairy) wastewater, Ontario, Canada." Ecological engineering 29: 154-163.
Hall, W. S., Patoczka, J. B., Mirenda, R. J., Porter, B. A., Miller, E. (1989). "Acute toxicity of industrial surfactants to Mysidopsis bahia." Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18: 765-772.
Hawrelak, M., Bennett, E., Metcalfe, C. (1999). "The environmental fate of the primary degradation products of Alkylphenol Ethoxylate surfactants in recycled paper sludge." Chemosphere 39: 745-752.
Hernando, M. D., Vettori, S. D., Mart&#305;′nez Bueno, M. J., Ferna′ndez-Alba, A. R. (2007). "Toxicity evaluation with Vibrio fischeri test of organic chemicals used in aquaculture." Chemosphere 68: 724-730.
Hou, S. G., Sun, H. W., Gao, Y. (2006). "Sorption of small metabolites of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in single and complex systems on aquatic suspended particulate matter." Chemosphere 63: 31-38.
Iamchaturapatr, J., Yi, S. W., Rhee, J. S. (2008). "Nutrient removals by 21 aquatic plants for vertical free surface-flow (VFS) constructed wetland." Ecological engineering 29: 287-293.
Isobe, T., Nishiyama, H., Nakashima, A., Takada, H. (2001). "Distribution and behavior of Nonylphenol, Octylphenol, and Nonylphenol Monoethoxylate in Tokyo metropolitan area their association with aquatic particles and sedimentary distributions." Environ. Sci. Technol. 35: 1041-1049.
Juang, D. F., Chen, P. C. (2007). "Treatment of polluted river water by a new constructed wetland." Environ. Sci. Technol. 4: 481-488.
Kuch, H. M., Ballschmiter, K. (2001). "Determination of Endocrine-Disrupting Phenolic compounds and Estrogens in surface and drinking water by HRGC-(NCI)-MS in the picogram per liter range." Environ. Sci. Technol. 35: 3201-3206.
Li, D., Dong, M., Shim, W. J., Hong, S. H., Oh, J. R., Yim, U. H., Jeung, J. H., Kanan, N., Kim, E. S., Cho, S. R. (2005). "Seasonal and spatial distribution of nonylphenol and IBP in Saemangeum Bay, Korea." Marine Pollution Bulletin 51: 966-974.
Li, D., Dong, M., Shim, W. J., Yim, U. H., Hong, S. H., Kannan, N. (2008). "Distribution characteristics of nonylphenolic chemicals in Masan Bay environments, Korea." Chemosphere: 1162-1172.
Li, D., Kim, M., Oh, J. R., Park, J. (2004). "Distribution characteristics of nonylphenols in the artificial Lake Shihwa, and surrounding creeks in Korea." Chemosphere 56: 783-790.
Li, X. L., Li. T. G., Liang, Y., Wong, M. H., Lan, C. Y. (2007). "Distribution patterns of octylphenol and nonylphenol in the aquatic system at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong." Journal of Environmental Sciences 19: 657-662.
Li, Z., Li, D., Oh, J. R., Je, J. G. (2004). "Seasonal and spatial distribution of nonylphenol in Shihwa Lake, Korea." Chemosphere 56: 611-618.
Lin, A. Y. C., Plumlee, M. H., Reinhard, M. (2006). "Natural attenuation of pharmaceuticals and Alkylphenol Polyethoxylate metabolites during river transport: photochemical and biological transformation." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25: 1458-1464.
Lin, A. Y. C., Reinhard, M. (2005). "Photodegradation of common environmental pharmaceuticals and estrogens in river water." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24: 1303-1309.
Lin, Y. F., Jing, S. R., Lee, D. Y., Chang, Y. F., Shih, K. C. (2008). "Nitrate removal from groundwater using constructed wetlands under various hydraulic loading rates." Bioresource Technology 99: 7504-7513.
Liu, J. D. Y., Xu, H., Wang, D., Xu, J. (2007). "Accumulation of Cd, Pb and Zn by 19 wetland plant species in constructed wetland." Journal of Hazardous Materials 147: 947-953.
Lussier, S., Champlin, D., LiVolsi, J., Poucher, S., Pruell, R., Thursby, G. (1996). Acute toxicity of 4-nonylphenol to saltwater animals. Abstract #PO409 Presented at the 16th Annual Meet of Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.
Maine, M. A., Sun&#732;e, N., Hadad, H., Sa′nchez, G., Bonetto, C. (2007). "Removal efficiency of a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment according to vegetation dominance." Chemosphere 68: 1105-1113.
Maki, H., Okamura, H., Aoyama, I., Fujita, M. "Halogenation and toxicity of the biodegradation products of a nonionic surfactant, nonylphenol ethoxylate." Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17: 650-455.
Mann, R. M., Boddy, M. R. (2000). "Biodegradation of a nonylphenol ethoxylate by the autochthonous microflora in lake water with observations on the in‾uence of light." Chemosphere 41: 1361-1369.
M&#229;nsson, N., S&#246;rme, L., Wahlberg, C. Bergb&#228;ck, B. (2008). "Sources of Alkylphenols and Alkylphenol Ethoxylates in wastewater-A substance flow analysis in Stockholm, Sweden." Water Air Soil Pollut 8: 445-456.
Maruyama, K., Y. M., Otsuki, A. (2000). "Seasonal changes in ethylene oxide chain length of poly(oxyethylene)alkylphenyl ether nonionic surfactants in three main rivers in Tokyo." Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 343-348.
Matamoros, V., Arias, C., Brix, H., Bayona, J. M. (2008). "Screening of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Danish small-scale domestic sewage treatment systems." 11th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control.
Montgomery-Brown J., R., M. (2003). "Occurrence and behavior of Alkylphenol Polyethoxylates in the environment." Environmental engineering science 20: NO. 5.
Moore, M. T., Cooper, C. M., S. Jr. S., Cullum, R. F., Knight, S. S., Locke, M. A., Bennett, E. R. (2007). "Diazinon mitigation in constructed wetlands: Influence of vegetation." Water Air Soil Pollut 184: 313-321.
Naylor, C. G., Mieure, J. P., Adams, W. J., Weeks, J. A., Castaldi, F. J., Ogle, L. D., Romano, R. R. (1992). "Alkylphenol Ethoxylates in the environment." JAOCS 69: NO. 7.
Neam&#355;u, M., Frimmel, F. H. (2006). "Photodegradation of endocrine disrupting chemical nonylphenol by simulated solar UV-irradiation." Science of the Total Environment 369: 295-306.
Nice, H. E. (2005). "Sperm motility in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is affected by nonylphenol." Marine Pollution Bulletin 50: 1668-1674.
Planas, C., Guadayol, J. M., Droguet, M., Escalas, A., Rivera, J., Caixach, J. (2002). "Degradation of polyethoxylated nonylphenols in a sewage treatment plant.Quantitative analysis by isotopic dilution-HRGC/MS." Water Research 36: 982-988.
Rosales, J. L. (2004). "Fate of alkylphenolic compounds in wastewater treatment plants and a sub-estuary of the Chesapeake Bay."
Ry, D. A. V., Dachs, J., Gigliotti, C. L., Brunciak, P. A., Nelson, E. D., Eisenreich, S. J. (2000). "Atmospheric seasonal trends and environmental fate of Alkylphenols in the lower hudson river estuary." Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 2410-2417.
Servos, M. R. (1999). "Review of the aquatic toxicity, estrogenic responses and bioaccumulation of alkylphenols and alkylphenol polyethoxylates." Water Qwrl. Res. 34: 123-177.
Shao, B., H., Yang, J., An, M., Tao, S. (2005). "Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylates in River Water, Drinking Water, and Fish Tissues in the Area of Chongqing, China." Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 48: 467-473.
Shappell, N. W., Billey, L. O., Forbes, D., Matheny, T. A., Poach, M. E., Reddy, G. B., Hunt, P. G. (2007). "Estrogenic activity and Steroid Hormones in Swine wastewater through a Lagoon constructed-wetland system." Environ. Sci. Technol. 41: 444-450.
Sim, C. H., Y., M. K., Shutes, B., Ho, S. C., Mansor, M. (2008). "Nutrient removal in a pilot and full scale constructed wetland, Putrajaya city, Malaysia." Journal of Environmental Management 88: 307-317.
Snyder, S. A. S., Keith, T. L., Verbrugge, D. A. V., Snyder, E. M., Gross, T. S., Kannan, K., Giesy, J. P. (1999). "Analytical methods for detection of selected Estrogenic compounds in aqueous mixtures." Environ. Sci. Technol. 33: 2814-2820.
Sol&#233;, M., L&#243;pez de Alda, M. J., Castillo, M., Porte, C., Ladegaard-Pedersen, K., Barcel&#243;, D. (2000). "Estrogenicity Determination in Sewage Treatment Plants and Surface Waters from the Catalonian Area (NE Spain)." Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 5076-5083.
Song, H. L., Nakano, K., Numata, N., Taniguchi, T., Nomura, M., Nishimura, O. (2008). "Reducing steroid estrogens in municipal wastewater effluent using constructed wetland-initial result of field mesocosms." 11th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control.
Stasinakis, A. S., Gatidou, G., Mamais, D., Thomaidis, N. S., Lekkas, T. D. (2008). "Occurrence and fate of endocrine disruptersin Greek sewage treatment plants." Water Research 42: 1796-1804.
Tabata, A., Kashiwada, S., Ohnishi, Y., Ishikawa, H., Miyamoto, N., Itoh, M., Magara, Y. (2001). "Estrogenic influences of estradiol-17β, p-nonylphenol and bis-phenol-A on Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) at detected environmental concentrations." Water Science and Technology 43: 109-116.
Thiele, B., Gu‥nther, K., Schwuger, M. J. (1997). "Alkylphenol Ethoxylates: Trace analysis and environmental behavior." Chem. Rev. 97: 3247-3272.
Tsihrintzis, V. A., Akratos, C. S., Gikas, G. D., Karamouzis, D., Angelakis, A. N. (2007). "Performance and Cost Comparison of a FWS and a VSF Constructed Wetland System." Environmental Technology 28: 621-628.
Tsuda, T., Takino, A., Kojima, M., Harada, H, Muraki, K., Tsuji, M. (2000). "4-Nonylphenols and 4-tert-octylphenol in water and fish from rivers flowing into Lake Biwa." Chemosphere 41: 757-762.
Vethaak, A. D., Lahr, J., Schrap, S. M., Belfroid, A. C., Rijs, G. B. J., Gerritsen, A., Boer, J. d., Bulder, A. S., Grinwis, G. C.M., Kuiper, R. V., Legler, J., Murk, T. A.J., Peijnenburg, W., Verhaar, H. J.M., Voogt, P. d. (2005). "An integrated assessment of estrogenic contamination and biological effects in the aquatic environment of The Netherlands." Chemosphere 59: 511-524.
Vogelsang, C., Grung, M., Jantsch, T. G., Tollefsen, K. E., Liltved, H. (2006). "Occurrence and removal of selected organic micropollutants at mechanical, chemical and advanced wastewater treatment plants in Norway." Water Research 40: 3559-3570.
Wang, L., Wu, Y., Sun, H., Xu, J., Dai, S. (2006). "Distribution and dissipation pathways of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in the Yellow River: Site investigation and lab-scale studies." Environment International 32: 907-914.
Yang, L., Lin, L., Weng, S., Feng, Z., Luan, T. (2008). "Sexually disrupting effects of nonylphenol and diethylstilbestrol on male silver carp (Carassius auratus) in aquatic microcosms." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 71: 400-411.
Ying, G. G., Williams, B., Kookana, R. (2002). "Environmental fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates—a review." Environment International 28: 215-226.
Zhang, J., Yang, M., Zhang, Y., Chen, M. (2008). "Biotransformation of nonylphenol ethoxylates during sewage treatment under anaerobic and aerobic conditions." Journal of Environmental Sciences 20: 135-141.