Jamu是爪哇藥水的泛稱，傳統上主要是由「藥婆」（mbok Jamu, bakul Jamu）、巫師（dukun）栽種藥草並揀選、搗碎、揉捏最後調製成藥水。今日Jamu在印尼大多被視為保健補品，用來壯陽、治療婦科疾患、預防感冒、減肥、去角質及增加體香等。

2010年印尼衛福部在中爪哇Tawangmangu的傳統醫療與Jamu研究中心（以下簡稱傳醫中心）開始推動爪哇藥水的科學化，並稍後啟動了RISTOJA計畫（藥用植物與Jamu研究調查計畫）。為了確保「從產地到診間」的生藥品質，中心周圍種植了大量的標準化藥草，為的是稍後通過臨床試驗，使藥草得以成為「科學的Jamu」。至今，傳醫中心已經推出高血壓、高尿酸、高血脂、消化不良等11種「科學的Jamu」。在藥用植物調查計畫方面，衛福部在2012、2015與2017年展開了全國各大民族與島嶼的傳統醫療普查，而調查的執行者則由具備人類學、植物學、農學、醫藥學等五種專業背景的五人專家團隊擔綱。四百多組專家團隊在印尼各島嶼與族群間進行田野調查，而調查結果則成為Jamu科學化的重要基礎。

究竟為何爪哇藥草必須要被科學化？又為何是在此時？爪哇藥水的科學化，能對後殖民的科技與社會研究帶來甚麼樣的啟示？立基在2018年到2020年四個月的多點田野與在印尼各處的實地訪談，本文將以後殖民醫療的三個層面，分別是現代醫學和傳統醫學的權力關係、共構網絡，以及傳統醫學科學化的可能後果，探究是什麼歷史與政治條件促使Jamu必須被科學化，並比較爪哇藥水與其他種傳統醫療復興如中醫或印度阿育吠陀之間異同、提出爪哇藥水復興的特殊性，最後分析Jamu科學化的過程如何在印尼重新建構了科學與文化的關係。

Jamu is the general name for traditional Javanese herbal elixirs. Since 2010, Indonesia’s Ministry of Health has launched a series of plans to scientize Jamu, including the establishment of Medical Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Center and the launch of a nation-wide investigation project named Research Plan of Medical Plants and Jamu (RISTOJA). To date, the Traditional Medical Center has systemedically grown herbs and tested their therapeutic effects in the laboratory, now promoting at least 11 kinds of “Scientific Jamu”. Meanwhile, RISTOJA has brought together anthropologists, botanists, doctors and agricultural experts in each of the 400 research teams sent to work across the archipelago in 2012, 2015, and 2017. The results of the investigation provide the empirical basis for Jamu’s scientific research.

Why scientize Jamu? Why at this particular historical juncture? What could be the implications of Jamu’s scientization for post-colonial STS (social studies of science and technology)? Drawing on archival research and interviews spanning from 2018 to 2020, this essay explores the history and politics behind the scientificaiton of Jamu by using three dimensions of post-colonial STM (science, technology, and medicine): unequal power relations between modern and traditional medicine, the co-production of the two, and the processes of scientization. Further, this essay compares Jamu’s revival with Chinese medicine and Indian Ayuveda, emphasizing the particularity of the renaissance of Jamu, especially the reconstituted relation between science and culture in the process of scientizing Jamu.

論文口試委員審定書...........................................................................................................i
tō-siā lín ê khan-sîng （感謝恁的牽成）...........................................................................ii
摘要.....................................................................................................................................iv
Abstract ..............................................................................................................................v
目錄.....................................................................................................................................vi
圖片目錄..............................................................................................................................viii
表格目錄..............................................................................................................................ix
第一章 Jamu的身世
第一節 研究動機與問題意識...............................................................................................1
第二節 文獻回顧..................................................................................................................4
第三節 研究地點、研究法與資料蒐集過程........................................................................16
第四節 論文架構 ...............................................................................................................25
第二章 Jamu的危機–假藥的修補拼貼
第一節 假藥案前言與名詞釋義...........................................................................................27
第二節 假藥–修補拼貼的技藝...........................................................................................32
第三節 假藥消費者.............................................................................................................37
第四節 假藥案汙名與Jamu科學化計畫............................................................................39
第三章 Jamu的印尼化–文化遺產國族主義與爪哇薑黃論壇
第一節 國族主義與醫學.........................................................................................................41
第二節 Jamu的國族主義傳統...............................................................................................43
第三節 文化遺產國族主義.....................................................................................................46
第四節 爪哇薑黃論壇與印尼品牌........................................................................................49
第四章 Jamu的科學化–文化並未消失，而與生態社群相連
第一節 爪哇藥水復興的特殊性..............................................................................................58
第二節 RISTOJA計畫–「傳統醫療人員」...........................................................................62
第三節 反轉藥理學................................................................................................................66
第四節 RISTOJA計畫–與文化交織的科學............................................................................70
第五節 科學翻譯與在地智慧的翻譯......................................................................................80
第六節 從Jamu到「科學的Jamu」–國族主義與Jamu文化內涵的轉向............................83
第五章 逃逸的Jamu–科學渴望人類學與不被統治的藝術
第一節 科學渴望人類學–人類學自助餐.................................................................................86
第二節 另一個利維坦花園？.................................................................................................96
第三節 不被統治的藝術.........................................................................................................99
第六章 總結.............................................................................................................................104
 

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