none

With the increasing use of knowledge management technologies for collaborative work, organizations must recognize how to evaluate individual performance. User evaluations of information systems are frequently used as measures of MIS success, since it is extremely difficult to get objective measures of system performance. When the technology meets the user’s needs and provides features that support the fit of the requirements of the task, positive performance impacts will result. This dissertation takes the special characteristics of the knowledge management system (KMS) and task into a research model and extends the theory of task technology fit with concepts from Fit-Appropriation Model. This dissertation goes on to empirically test the research model by investigating the task and related KMS characteristics. Furthermore, it seeks to understand the task technology fit, which links with KMS use and individual performance. Four hypotheses are developed. Structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques and moderated regressions will be used to provide statistical support indicating that there is a positive relationship between task-technology fit, the use of knowledge management systems and individual performance. The data was collected from 203 KMS users. This dissertation concludes with a discussion of the implications that the results have for future research, and managerial practices are described.

ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------i
LIST OF FIGURES----------------------------------------iv
LIST OF TABLES-----------------------------------------v
Chapter 1. Introduction--------------------------------1
1.1 Background of the Problem--------------------------2
1.2 Research Motivations-------------------------------4
1.3 Research Questions and Purpose---------------------8
1.4 Research Process-----------------------------------10
1.5 Organization of the Dissertation ------------------12
Chapter 2. Literature Review---------------------------13
2.1 Basic Concepts of Knowledge Management-------------13
2.1.1 Hierarchical View of Knowledge ------------------13
2.1.2 Knowledge/Knowledge Management/KM System---------15
2.2 KM Frameworks--------------------------------------17
2.2.1 KM/KMS Capability – Process Perspectives--------19
2.2.2 Knowledge Management Critical Success Factors----27
2.2.3 Information Technology for Knowledge Management--31
2.2.4 Performance Measurement--------------------------35
2.3 Theoretical Foundation-----------------------------40
2.3.1 Theory of Task-Technology Fit (TTF)--------------40
2.3.2 The Fit-Appropriation Model (FAM)----------------46
2.3.3 Task Characteristics-----------------------------47
Chapter 3. Research Design and Methodology-------------52
3.1 Research Model and Hypotheses----------------------52
3.1.1 The effect of Fit on Performance-----------------53
3.1.2 Effect of appropriation support on Performance---55
3.2 Operational Definition and Measurement of Constructs-59
3.3 Questionnaire Development--------------------------61
3.4 Survey Administration------------------------------63
3.5 Methods of Data Analysis---------------------------66
3.6 Chapter Summary------------------------------------70
Chapter 4. Analysis and Results------------------------71
4.1 Measurement Model----------------------------------71
4.2 Respondent Demographics----------------------------78
4.3 Structural Model-----------------------------------82
4.3.1 Main Effect--------------------------------------82
4.3.2 Moderating Effect--------------------------------84
5. Conclusion and Discussion---------------------------88
5.1 Practical and Academic Implications----------------89
5.2 Limitations----------------------------------------91
5.3 Directions for Future Research---------------------91
Reference ----------------------------------------------93
Appendices---------------------------------------------115
Appendix A. KMS functions and KM capabilities----------115
Appendix B. Background Information on the Informants Enterprises--------------------------------------------119
Appendix C. Survey Questionnaire-----------------------121

1. Abdullah, R.; Selamat, M.H.; Sahibudin, S. and Alias, R.A. (March, 2005). "A Framework for Knowledge Management System Implementation in Collaborative Environment for Higher Learning Institution," Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 6. [E-journal]
2. Adams, D.; Nelson, R.R. and Todd, P.A. (June, 1992). "Perceived Usefulness, Ease of Use, and Usage of Information: a Replication," MIS Quarterly, 16 (2): 227-247.
3. Agarwal, R. and Prasad, J. (1999). "Are Individual Differences Germane to the Acceptance of New Information Technologies?" Decision Sciences, 30 (2): 361-391.
4. Ahn, J.-H. and Chang, S.-G. (2004). "Assessing the Contribution of Knowledge to Business Performance: the KP3 Methodology," Decision Support Systems, 36 (4): 403-416.
5. Aladwani, A.M. (Summer, 2002). "An Integrated Performance Model of Information Systems Projects," Journal of Management Information Systems, 19 (1): 185-210.
6. Alavi, M. and Henderson, C. (1981) "An Evolutionary Strategy for Implementing a Decision Support System," Management Science, 27 (11): 1309-1322.
7. Alavi, M. (1997). Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems. Presentation in ICIS 1997. http://www.mbs.umd.edu/is/malavi/icis-97-KMS/index.htm
8. Alavi, M. and Leidner, D.E. (February, 1999). "A Framework of Knowledge Management Systems: Issues, Challenges, and Benefits," Communications of the AIS, 1, Article 7.
9. Alavi, M. and Leidner, D.E. (2001). "Review: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues," MIS Quarterly, 25 (1): 107-136.
10. Al-Busaidi, K.A. and Olfman L. (July, 2005). "An Investigation of the Determinants of Knowledge Management Systems Success in Omani Organizations," Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 8 (3): 6-27.
11. Amoako-Gyampah, K. and Salam, A.F. (July, 2004). "An Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model in an ERP Implementation Environment," Information & Management, 41 (6): 731-745.
12. Anderson, J.C. and Gerbing, D.W. (1988). "Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-step Approach, " Psychological Bulletin, 103 (3): 411-423.
13. Anderson, J.C. and Gerbing, D.W. (February, 1992). "Assumptions of the Two-step Approach to Latent Variable Modeling," Sociological Methods and Research, 20: 321-333.
14. Applehans, W.; Glove, A. and Laugero, G. (1999). Managing Knowledge a Practical Web-Based Approach. Addison Wesley Longman.
15. Arnold, H. (1982). "Moderator Variable: a Clarification of Conceptual, Analytic and Psychometric Issues," Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 29: 134-174.
16. Bagozzi, R.P. and Yi, Y. (1988). "On the Evaluation of Structural Evaluation Models," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16 (1): 74-94.
17. Baker, J.; Parasuraman, A.; Grewal, D. and Voss, G.B. (2002). "The Influence of Multiple Store Environment Cues on Perceived Merchandise Value and Patronage Intentions," Journal of Marketing, 66 (2): 120-141.
18. Balasubramanian, P.; Nochur, K.; Henderson, J.C. and Kwan, M.M. (November, 1999). "Managing Process Knowledge for Decision Support," Decision Support Systems, 27 (1/2): 145-162.
19. Barki, H. and Huff, S.L. (1985). "Change, Attitude to Change, and Decision Support System Success," Information and Management, 9 (5): 261-268.
20. Bass, B.M.; Pryer, M.W.; Gaier, E.L. and Flint, A.W. (1958). "Interacting Effects of Control Motivation, Group Practice and Problems Difficulty on Attempted Leadership," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 56 (5): 352-358.
21. Bassi, L.J. (1999). Measuring Knowledge Management Effectiveness. In: J. H333333 (Ed.) The Knowledge Management Yearbook 1999-2000 (USA, Butterworth - Heinemann), 422-427.
22. Baum, J.R.; Locke, E.A. and Smith, K.G. (2001). "A Multidimensional Model of Venture Growth," Academy of Management Journal, 44 (2): 292-303.
23. Becerra-Fernandez, I. and Sabherwal, R. (Summer, 2001). "Organizational Knowledge Management: a Contingency Perspective," Journal of Management Information Systems, 18 (1): 23-55.
24. Bell, J. (1984). "The Effect of Presentation Form on the Use of Information in Annual Reports," Management Science, 30 (2): 169-185.
25. Benbasat, I.; Dexter, A.S. and Masulis, P.S. (1981). "An Experimental Study of the Human/Computer Interface," Communications of ACM, 24 (11): 752-762.
26. Bierly, P. and Chakrabarti, A. (1996). "Generic Knowledge Strategies in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry," Strategic Management Journal, 17 (1): 123-135.
27. Birkinshaw, J.; Nobel, R. and Ridderstrale, J. (May/June, 2002). "Knowledge as a Contingency Variable: Do the Characteristics of Knowledge Predict Organization Structure?" Organization Science, 13 (3): 274-289.
28. Bock, F. (1998). The Intelligent Organization, Prism, Second Quarter, Arthur D Little.
29. Bock, G.-W.; Zmud, R.W.; Kim, Y.-G. and Lee, J.-N. (March, 2005). "Behavioral Intention Formation in Knowledge Sharing: Examining the Roles of Extrinsic Motivators, Social-psychological Forces, and Organizational Climate," MIS Quarterly, 29 (1): 87-111.
30. Bollen, K.A. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York: Wiley.
31. Bollinger, A. and Smith, R. (2001). "Managing Organizational Knowledge as a Strategic Asset," Journal of Knowledge management, 5 (5): 8-18.
32. Bowman B.J. (Summer, 2002). "Building Knowledge Management Systems." Information Systems Management, 19 (3): 32-41.
33. Broadbent, M. (May, 1998). "The Phenomenon of Knowledge Management: What does it Mean to the Information Profession?" Information Outlook, 2 (5): 23-35.
34. Brown, J.S. and Duguid, P. (2000). The Social Life of Information, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
35. Burton, R.M.; Lauridsen, J. and Berge, O. (November, 2002). "Return on Assets Loss from Situational and Contingency Misfits," Management Science, 48 (11): 1461-1485.
36. Butler, B.S. and Gray, P.H. (June, 2006). "Reliability, Mindfulness, and Information Systems," MIS Quarterly, 30 (2): 211-224.
37. Campbell, D.J. (1977). On the Nature of Organizational Effectiveness: New Perspective on Organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
38. Campbell, D.J. (1988). "Task Complexity: A Review and Analysis," Academy of Management Review, 13 (1): 40-52.
39. Carlsson, S.; Sawy, OA El; Eriksson, I. and Raven, A. (1996). Gaining Competitive Advantage through Shared Knowledge Creation: In Search of a New Design Theory for Strategic Information Systems, in Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Information Systems.
40. Carter, L.F.; Haythorn, W.W. and Howell, M. (April, 1950). "A Further Investigation of the Criteria of Leadership," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 45 (2): 350-358.
41. Chae, B.; Paradice, D.; Koch, H. and Huy, V.V. (Summer, 2005). "Exploring Knowledge Management Using Network Theories: Questions, Paradoxes and Prospects," Journal of Computer Information Systems, 45 (4): 62-74.
42. Chait, L.P. (1999). "Creating a Successful Knowledge Management System," Journal of Business Strategy, 20 (2): 23-26.
43. Chau, P.Y.K. (1997). Reexamining a Model for Evaluating Information Center Success Using a Structural Equation Modeling Approach," Decision Sciences, 28 (2): 309-334.
44. Chauvel, D. and Despres, C. (2002). "A Review of Survey Research in Knowledge Management: 1997-2001," Journal of Knowledge Management, 6 (3): 207-230.
45. Chen, A.N.K. and Edgington, T.M. (June, 2005). "Assessing Value in Organizational Knowledge Creation: Considerations for Knowledge Workers," MIS Quarterly, 29 (2): 279-291.
46. Chilton, M. A.; Hardgrave, B.C. and Armstrong, D.J. (Fall, 2005) "Person-Job Cognitive Style Fit for Software Developers: The Effect on Strain and Performance," Journal of Management Information Systems, 22 (2): 193-226.
47. Choi, Y.S. (2000). An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting Successful Implementation of Knowledge Management, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Nebraska.
48. Choi, Y.S. (March, 2003). "Reality of Knowledge Management Success," Journal of the Academy of Business and Economics, 43: 113-123.
49. Cleveland, H. (December, 1982). "Information as a Resource," The Futurist, 34-39.
50. Cliffe, S. (July, 1998). "Knowledge Management: the Well-Connected Business," Harvard Business Review, 76 (4): 17-21.
51. Cole, R.E. (Spring, 1998). "Introduction." California Management Review, 40 (3): 15-21.
52. Comstock, D.E. and Scott, W.R. (June, 1977). "Technology and the Structure of Subunits: Distinguishing Individual and Workgroup Effects," Administration Science Quarterly, 22 (2): 177-202.
53. Cui, A.S.; Griffith, D.A. and Cavusgil, S.T. (September, 2005). "The Influence of Competitive Intensity and Market Dynamism on Knowledge Management Capabilities of Multinational Corporation Subsidiaries," Journal of International Marketing, 13 (3): 32-53.
54. Culnan, M.J. (1983a) “Chauffeured versus End-user Access to Commercial Databases: The effects of Task and Individual Differences,” MIS Quarterly, 7 (1): 55-67.
55. Culnan, M.J. (1983b) “Environment Scanning: the Effects of Task Complexity and Source accessibility on Information Gathering Behavior,” Decision Sciences, 14 (2): 194-206.
56. Daal, B. van; Haas, M.de and Weggeman, M. (1998). "The Knowledge Matrix: A Participatory Method for Individual Knowledge Gap Determination," Knowledge and Process Management, 5 (4): 255-263.
57. D'Ambra, J. and Rice, R.E. (2001). "Emerging Factors in User Evaluation of the World Wide Web," Information & Management, 38 (6): 373-384.
58. D'Ambra, J. and Wilson, C.S. (2004). "Use of the World Wide Web for International Travel: Integrating the Construct of Uncertainty in Information Seeking and the Task-Technology fit (TTF) Model," Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55 (8): 731-42.
59. Daniel, D.R. (September-October, 1961). "Management Information Crisis," Harvard Business Review, 39 (5), 111-112.
60. Darroch, J. (2003). "Developing a Measure of Knowledge Management Behaviors and Practices," Journal of Knowledge Management, 7 (5): 41-54.
61. Davenport, T.H. and Klahr, P. (1998). "Managing Customer Support Knowledge," California Management Review, 40 (3): 195-208.
62. Davenport, T.H. and Prusak L. (1998). Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage what They Know, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
63. Davenport, T.H.; De Long, D.W. and Beers, M.C. (Winter, 1998). "Successful Knowledge Management Projects," Sloan Management Review, 39 (2): 43-57.
64. Davis, B. and Riggs, B. (April, 1999). "Knowledge Management: Get Smart," Information Week, 40-46.
65. Davis, F.D.; Bagozzi, R.P. and Warshaw, P.R. (August, 1989). "User Acceptance of Computer Technology: a Comparison of Two Theoretical Models," Management Science, 35 (8): 982-1003.
66. Davis, J.H.; Laughlin, P.R. and Komorita, S.S. (January, 1976). "The Social Psychology of Small Groups: Cooperative and Mixed-motive Interaction," Annual Review of Psychology, 27: 501-541.
67. Davis, M. (Fall, 1998). "Knowledge Management," Information Strategy: The Executive's Journal, 15 (1): 11-22.
68. DeBrabander, B. and Thiers, G. (1984). "Successful Information Systems Development in Relation to Situational Factors which Affect Effective Communication between MIS-users and EDP-specialists," Management Science, 30 (2): 379-455.
69. DeLone, W.H. (1988). "Determinants of Success for Computer Usage in Small Business," MIS Quarterly, 12 (1): 51-61.
70. De Long, D. and Fahey, L. (November, 2000). "Diagnosing Cultural Barriers to Knowledge Management," The Academy of Management Executive, 14 (4): 113-127.
71. Demarest, M. (1997). "Understanding Knowledge Management," Long Range Planning, 30 (3): 374-385.
72. Dennis, A.R. and Valacich, J.S. (1999). Rethinking Media Richness: Towards a Theory of Media Synchronicity. Paper presented at the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos.
73. Dennis, A.R.; Wixom, B.H. and Vandenberg, R.J. (2001). "Understanding Fit and Appropriation Effects in Group Support Systems via Meta-Analysis," MIS Quarterly, 25 (2): 167-194.
74. DeSanctis, G. (1982). Expectancy Theory as an Explanation of Voluntary Use of a Decision Support System, Proceedings of the 14th Annual Meeting of the American Institute for Decision Sciences, 1, 421-23.
75. DeSanctis, G. and Poole, M. (1994). "Capturing the Complexity in Advanced Technology Use: Adaptive Structuration theory, " Organization Science, 5, 121-147.
76. Despres, C. and Chauvel D. (2002). Knowledge, Context, and the Management of Variation, in The Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge, C. W. Choo, and N. Bontis (eds.), Oxford University Press, New York.
77. DeTienne, K.B. and Jackson, L.A. (2001). "Knowledge Management: Understanding Theory and Developing Strategy," Competitiveness Review, 11 (1): 1-11.
78. Digman, L.A. (1990). Strategic Management: Concepts, Decisions, Cases, 2nd ed., Irwin, Homewood, IL.
79. Dishaw, M.T. and Strong, D.M. (1999). "Extending the Technology Acceptance Model with Task-Technology Fit Constructs," Information & Management, 36 (1): 9-21.
80. Dishaw, M.T. and Strong, D.M. (1998). "Supporting Software Maintenance with Software Engineering Tools: A Computed Task-Technology Fit Analysis," The Journal of Systems and Software, 44 (2): 107-120.
81. Doll, W.J. and Torkzadeh, G. (March, 1998). “Developing a Multidimensional Measure of System-Use in an Organizational Context,” Information & Management, 33 (4): 171-185.
82. Drazin, R. and van de Ven, A.H. (1985). "Alternative Forms of Fit in Contingency Theory," Administrative Science Quarterly, 30 (4): 514-539.
83. Duffy, J. (2000). "The KM Technology Infrastructure," The Information Management Journal, 34 (2): 62-66.
84. Dutta (1997), "Strategies for Implementing Knowledge-Based Systems," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 44 (1): 79-90.
85. Dyer, G. (2000). "KM Crosses the Chasm - IDC State of the Market Survey, Knowledge Management," 3 (3): 50-54.
86. Dyer, G. (2001). U.S. and Worldwide Knowledge Management Market Forecast and Analysis, IDC Group: Framingham, MA.
87. Earl, M.J. (1994). Knowledge as Strategy: Reflections on Skandia International and Shorko Films. In C.
88. Earl, M. (2001). "Knowledge Management Strategies: Toward a Taxonomy," Journal of Management Information Systems, 18 (1): 215-233.
89. Easton, G.K.; George, J.F.; Jr. Nunamaker, J.F. and Pendergast, M.O. (1990). "Using Two Different Electronic Meeting System Tools for the Same Task: An Experimental Comparison." Journal of Management Information Systems, 7 (1): 85-100.
90. Edgar, S. (September, 1999). "Knowledge Management: has it Changed my Working Life? Will it Change Yours?" Business Information Review, 16 (3): 122-127.
91. Edwards, J.R. (1996). "An Examination of Competing Versions of the Person-Environment Fit Approach to Stress," Academy of Management Journal, 39 (2): 292-339.
92. Ein-Dor, P.; Segev, E. and Steinfeld, A. (1981). Use of Management Information Systems: An Empirical Study, Proceeding of the Second International Conference on Information Systems, 215-228.
93. Elbeltagi, I.; McBride, N. and Hardaker, G. (April-June, 2005). "Evaluating the Factors Affecting DSS Senior Managers in Local Authorities in Egypt," Journal of Global Information Management, 13 (2): 42-65.
94. Euema, J.S. (1985). "Explaining Information System Use with System-monitored vs. Self-reported Use-reported Use measure," Public Opinion Quarterly, 49 (3): 381-387.
95. Fedor, D.B.; Ghosh, S.; Caldwell, S.D.; Maurer, T.J. and Singhal, V.R. (2003). "The Effects of Knowledge Management on Team Members' Ratings of Project Success and Impact," Decision Sciences, 34 (3): 513-539.
96. Fenstermacher, K.D. (2002). Process-Aware Knowledge Retrieval, Proceeding of 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Big Island, Hawaii, USA, 209-217.
97. Ferguson, T.D. and Ketchen, D.J. (1999). "Organizational Configurations and Performance: The Role of Statistical Power in Extant Research," Strategic Management Journal, 20 (4): 385-395.
98. Finneran, T. (1999). A Component-Based Knowledge Management System, Robert S. Seiner http://www.tdan.om/i009hy04.htm, Accessed 1 June 2001.
99. Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. (1981). "Evaluating Structural Evaluation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error," Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1): 39-50.
100. Fox, S. (September, 2000). "Communities of Practice, Foucault and Actor-network Theory," Journal of Management Studies, 37 (6): 853-868.
101. Fuerst, W.L. and Cheney, P.H. (1982). “Factors Affecting the Perceived Utilization of Computer-based Decision Support Systems,” Decision Sciences, 13 (4): 554-569.
102. Fulmer, W.E. (1999). Buckman Laboratories (B). Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business School: Report No. 9800-033.
103. Fulmer, W.E. (2000). Buckman Labs (A) Teaching Note. Cambridge, Harvard Business School: Report No. 5-800-360.
104. Fulmer, W.E. (2003). Buckman Laboratories (A). Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business School: Report No. 9800-160.
105. Ginzberg, M.J. (1981). "Early Diagnosis of MIS Implementation Failure: Promising Results and Unanswered Questions," Management Science, 27 (4): 459-478.
106. Gold, A.H.; Malhotra, A. and Segars, A.H. (Summer, 2001). "Knowledge Management: an Organizational Capabilities Perspective," Journal of Management Information Systems, 18 (1): 185-214.
107. Goodhue, D.L. (1998). "Development and Measurement Validity of a Task-Technology Fit Instrument for User Evaluations of Information Systems." Decision Sciences, 29 (1): 105-138.
108. Goodhue, D.L. (December, 1995). "Understanding User Evaluations of Information Systems," Management Science, 41 (12): 1827-1844.
109. Goodhue, D.L. and Thompson, R.L. (June, 1995). "Task-Technology Fit and Individual Performance," MIS Quarterly, 19 (2): 213-236.
110. Goodhue, D.L.; Klein, B.D. March, S.T. (December, 2000). "User Evaluations of IS as Surrogates for Objective Performance," Information & Management, 38 (2): 87-101.
111. Grandon, E.E. and Pearson, J.M. (2004). "Electronic Commerce Adoption: an Empirical Study of Small and Medium US Businesses," Information & Management, 42 (1): 197-216.
112. Grant, R.M. (1996). "Toward a Knowledge Based Theory of the Firm," Strategic Management Journal, 17 (SPISS): 109-122.
113. Green, G.I. and Hughes, C.T. (1986). "Effects of Decision Support Training and Cognitive Style on Decision Process Attributes," Journal of Management Information Systems, 3 (2): 81-93.
114. Gremillion, L.L. (1984). "Organizational Size and Information System Use," Journal of MIS, 1 (2): 4-17.
115. Gronroos, C. (1990). "Relationship Approach to Marketing in Service Context: The Marketing and Organizational Behavior Interface," Journal of Business Research, 20 (1): 3-12.
116. Grover, V. and Davenport, T.H. (Summer, 2001). "General Perspective on knowledge Management: Fostering a Research Agenda," Journal of Management Information Systems, 18 (1): 5-21.
117. Gupta, A.K. and Govindarajan, V. (2000). "Knowledge Flows within Multinational Corporations," Strategic Management Journal, 21 (4): 473-496.
118. Hackett, B. (2000). Beyond Knowledge Management: New Ways to Work and Learn. New York: The Conference Board.
119. Hackman, J.R. (1968). "Effects of Task Characteristics on Group Products." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4 (2): 162-187.
120. Hackman, J.R. (1969). "Toward Understanding the Role of Tasks in Behavioral Research," Acta Psychological, 31 (2): 97-128.
121. Hackman, J.R. and Oldham, G.R. (1975). "Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey," Journal of Applied Psychology, 60 (2): 159-170.
122. Hackman, J.R. and Oldham, G.R. (1980). Work redesign, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
123. Haeckel, S.H. and Nolan, R.L. (1993). The Role of Technology in an Information Age: Transforming Symbols into Action. In The Institute for Information Studies. The Knowledge Economy: The nature of information in the 21st Century. Queenstown, MD: The Aspen Institute.
124. Hanley, A. (Spring, 2000). "Towards Closing the Gap in Automated Lending," Irish Banking Review, 38-48.
125. Hannan, M. and Freeman, J. (1989). Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
126. Hansen, M.T.; Nohria, N. and Tierney, T. (March-April, 1999). "What's Your Strategy for Managing Knowledge?" Harvard Business Review, 77 (2): 106-116.
127. Hargadon, A. and Fanelli, A. (May/June, 2002). "Action and Possibility: Reconciling Dual Perspectives of Knowledge in Organizations," Organization Science, 13 (3): 290-302.
128. Harris, R.G. (March, 2001). "The Knowledge-based Economy: Intellectual Origins and New Economic Perspectives," International Journal of Management Reviews, 3 (1): 21-41.
129. Hartwick, J. and Barki, H. (April, 1994). “Explaining the Role of User Participation in Information System Use” Management Science, 40 (4): 440-465.
130. Heising, P. (2001). Business Process Oriented Knowledge Management. In: K. Mertins, P.Heisig & J. Vorveck (Eds) Knowledge Management Best Practices In Europe (New York, Library of Congress Cataloging).
131. Henderson, J. and Lee, S. (June, 1992). "Managing I/S Design Teams: A Control Theories Perspective," Management Science, 38 (6): 757-777.
132. Henderson, J.C., and Sussman, S.W. (1997). Creating and Exploiting Knowledge for Fast-Cycle Organizational Response: The Center for Army Lessons Learned, Working Paper No. 96-39, Boston, MA: Boston University.
133. Herder, P.M.; Veeneman, W.W.; Buitenhuis, M.D.J. and Schaller, A. (August, 2003). "Follow the Rainbow: A Knowledge Management Framework for New Product Introduction," Journal of Knowledge Management, 7 (3): 105-115.
134. Hogue, J.T. (1987). "A Framework for the Examination of Management Involvement in Decision Support Systems," Journal of Management Information Systems, 4 (1): 96-110.
135. Holsapple, C.W. and Joshi, K.D. (2000). "An Investigation of Factors that Influence the Management of Knowledge in Organizations," Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9 (2-3): 235-261.
136. Holsapple, C.W. and Singh, M. (2001). "The Knowledge Chain Model: Activities for Competitiveness," Expert Systems with Applications, 20, 77-98.
137. Holsapple, C.W. and Joshi, K.D. (2003). A Knowledge Management Ontology. In: C.W. Holsapple (Ed)., Handbook on knowledge management, 1, 89-124. Springer Verlag.
138. Holsapple, C.W. and Joshi, K.D. (January, 1999). Description and Analysis of Existing Knowledge Management Frameworks, Proceedings of the Hawaiian International Conference on System Sciences, Maui.
139. Holsapple, C.W. and Singh, M. (2000), "Electronic Commerce: from a Definitional Taxonomy toward a Knowledge-Management View," Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 10 (3): 149-170.
140. Holtham, C. and Courtney, N. (1998). Developing Managerial Competencies In Applied Knowledge Management: A Study Of Theory And Practice, Proceedings of AIS Americas Conference, Baltimore.
141. Howard, G.S. and Mendelow, A.L. (1991). “Discretionary Use of Computers: An Empirically Derived Explanatory Model,” Decision Sciences, 22 (2): 241-265.
142. Huber, G.P. (February, 1991). "Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures," Organization Science, 2 (1): 88-115.
143. Huber, G. and Power, D. (1991). "Organizational Learning: the Contributing Processes and the Literatures," Organization Science, 2 (1): 88-115.
144. Hulland, J. (1999). "Use of Partial Least Squares (PLS) in Strategic Management Research: a Review of Four Recent Studies," Strategic Management Journal, 20 (2): 195-204.
145. Hunt, J.G.; Osborn, R.N. and Larson , L.L. (1975). "Upper Level Technical Orientation and First Level Leadership within a Noncontingency and Contingency Framework," Academy of Management Journal, 18 (3): 476-488.
146. Huysman, M. and Wulf, V. (February, 2006). "IT to Support Knowledge Sharing in Communities, Towards a Social Capital Analysis," Journal of Information Technology, 21 (1): 40-51.
147. IDC survey (2005) [online] http://www.idc.com/
148. Igbaria, M. (1990) "End-user Computing Effectiveness: a Structural Equation Model," Omega, 18 (6): 637-652.
149. Igbaria, M.; Guimaraes, T. and Davis, G.B. (Spring, 1995a). "Testing the Determinants of Microcomputer Usage via a Structural Equation model," Journal of Management Information Systems, 11 (4): 87-114.
150. Igbaria, M.; Iivari, J. and Maragahh, H. (1995b). "Why Do Individuals Use Computer Technology? A Finnish Case Study," Information & Management, 29 (5): 227-238.
151. Igbaria, M.; Parasuraman, S. and Baroudi, J.J. (1996). "A Motivational Model of Microcomputer Usage," Journal of Management Information Systems, 13 (1): 127-143.
152. Janz, B.D. and Prasamphanich, P. (Spring, 2003). "Understanding the Antecedents of Effective Knowledge Management: The Importance of a Knowledge-Centered Culture," Decision Sciences, 34 (2): 351-383.
153. Jennex, M.E. and Olfman, L. (2000). Development Recommendations for Knowledge Management/Organizational Memory Systems. Information Systems Development Conference 2000.
154. Jennex, M.E. and Olfman, L. (2002). Organizational Memory/Knowledge Effects on Productivity, A Longitudinal Study. 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, HICSS35, IEEE Computer Society.
155. Johnson, J.; Alenia, F.L.; Loeuiller, J-L.; Inderst, M.; Nilsson, B.; Torne, A.; Candy, L. and Harris, D. (1999). The Future Systems Engineering Data Exchange Standard STEP AP-233: Sharing the Results of the SEDRES Project. Proceedings of the 9th Annual INCOSE Symposium.
156. Jöreskog, K.G. and Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: User's reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
157. Jöreskog, K.G. and Sörbom, D. (1998). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
158. Joshi, K. (Fall, 1990). "An Investigation of Equity as a Determinant of User Information Satisfaction," Decision Sciences, 21(4): 786-807.
159. Kanji, G.K. and Tambi, A.M. (1999). "Total Quality Management in UK Higher Education Institutions," Total Quality Management, 10 (1): 129-53.
160. Kankanhalli, A.; Tanudidjaja, F.; Sutanto, J. and Tan, B.C.Y. (2003). "The Role of IT in Successful Knowledge Management Initiatives," Communications of the ACM, 46 (9): 69-73.
161. Karimi, J.; Somers, T.M. and Gupta, Y.P. (2004). "Impact of Environmental Uncertainty and Task Characteristics on User Satisfaction with Data," Information Systems Research, 15 (2): 175-193.
162. Kennedy, D. Academic Duty, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
163. Kettinger, W.J. and Grover V. (1995). "Toward a Theory of Business Process Change Management," Journal of Management Information Systems, 12 (1): 9-30.
164. King, W. (1999). "Integrating Knowledge Management Strategy into IS Strategy," Information Systems Management, 16 (4): 70-72.
165. King, W. (Winter, 2001). "Strategies for Creating a Learning Organization," Information Systems Management, 18 (l): 12-20.
166. King, A.W. and Zeithaml, C.P. (August, 2003). "Measuring Organizational Knowledge: a Conceptual and Methodological Framework," Strategic Management Journal, 24 (8): 763-772.
167. Klopping, I.M. and McKinney, E. (2004). "Extending the Technology Acceptance Model and the Task-Technology Fit Model to Consumer E-Commerce- Information Technology," Learning, and Performance Journal, 22 (1): 35-48.
168. Knapp, E. (July, 1998). "Knowledge Management," Business and Economic Review, 44 (4): 3-6.
169. Kogut, B. and Zander, U. (1992). "Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology," Organization Science, 3 (3): 383-397.
170. Kwan, M.M. and Balasubramanian, P. (2003). "Process-Oriented Knowledge Management: a Case Study," Journal of the Operational Research Society, 54 (2): 204-211.
171. Laughlin, P.R. (1980). Social Combination Processes of Cooperative Problem-solving Groups on Verbal Intellective Tasks. in Progress in Social Psychology 1, M. Fishbein (ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 127-155.
172. Lee, D. (1986). “Usage Patterns and Sources of Assistance for Personal Computer Users,” MIS Quarterly, 10 (4): 313-325.
173. Lee, S.; Kim, Y. and Lee, J. (Fall, 1995). "An Empirical Study of the Relationships among End-user Information Systems Acceptance, Training and Effectiveness," Journal of Management Information Systems, 12 (2): 189-202.
174. Lee, C.C. and Yang, J. (2000). "Knowledge Value Chain," The Journal of Management Development, 19 (9): 783-794
175. Lee, H. and Choi, B. (Summer, 2003). "Knowledge Management Enablers, Processes, and Organizational Performance: an Integrative View and Empirical Examination," Journal of Management Information Systems, 20 (1): 179-228.
176. Leonard, D. and Kiron, D. (2002). Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business.
177. Leonard-Barton, D. (1995). Wellsprings of Knowledge: Building and Sustaining the Source of Innovation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
178. Leonard-Barton, D. and Deschamps, I. (1988). "Managerial Influence in the Implementation of New Technology," Management Science, 34 (10): 1252-1265.
179. Liebowitz, J. (1999). "Key Ingredients to the Success of an Organization's Knowledge Management Strategy," Knowledge and Process Management, 6 (1): 37-40.
180. Liebowitz, J. and Megbolugbe, I. (2003). "A Set of Frameworks to Aid the Project Manager in Conceptualizing and Implementing Knowledge Management Initiatives," International Journal of Project Management, 21 (3): 189-198.
181. Lim, K. and Benbasat, I. (2000). "The Effect of Multimedia on Perceived Equivocality and Perceived Usefulness of Information Systems," MIS Quarterly, 42 (3): 449-471.
182. Lin, F.-H. and Wu, J.H. (Spring, 2004). "An Empirical Study of End-User Computing Acceptance Factors in Small and Medium Enterprises in Taiwan: Analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling," Journal of Computer Information Systems, 44 (3): 98-108.
183. Liu, P.-L.; Chen, W.-C. and Tsai, C.-H. (2004). "An Empirical Study on the Correlation between Knowledge Management Capability and Competitiveness in Taiwan's industries," Technovation, 24 (12): 971-977.
184. Lucas, H.C. and Spitler, V. (December, 2000). "Implementation in a World of Workstations and Networks," Information and Management, 38 (2): 119-128.
185. Lucas, H.C. (1975). "Performance and the Use of an Information System," Management Science, 21 (8): 908-919.
186. Lytras, M.D.; Pouloudi, A. and Poulymenakou, A. (2002). "Knowledge Management Convergence-Expanding Learning Frontiers," Journal of Knowledge Management, 6 (1): 40-51.
187. MacCormack, A. (2002). Siemens ShareNet: Building a Knowledge Network. Cambridge, MA, Harvard: report no. 9-800-160.
188. Manasco, B. (1999). The Knowledge Imperative: Leverage it or Lose it, http://webcom.com/quantera/empires5.html. Accessed 12 October 2001.
189. Marcolin, B.; Compeau, D.; Munro, M. and Huff, S. (March, 2000). "Assessing User Competence: Conceptualization and Measurement," Information Systems Research, 11 (1): 37 - 60.
190. Massey, A.P.; Montoya-Weiss, M.M. and MO’Driscoll, T. (September, 2002). "Knowledge Management in Pursuit of Performance: Insights from Nortel Networks," Management Information Systems Quarterly, 26 (3): 269-289.
191. Massey, A.P.; Montoya-Weiss, M.M. (March, 2006) "Unraveling the Temporal Fabric of Knowledge Conversion: a Model of Media Selection and Use," MIS Quarterly, 30 (1): 99-114.
192. Mathieson, K. and Keil, M. (1998). "Beyond the Interface: Ease of use and Task-Technology Fit," Information &Management, 34 (4): 221-230.
193. Mathieson, K.; Peacock, E. and Chin, W.W. (2001). “Extending the Technology Acceptance Model: The Influence of Perceived User Resources," The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems, 32 (3): 86-112.
194. Mayo, A. (22 January, 1998). "Memory bankers," People Management, 4 (2): 34-38.
195. McCarthy, R.V.; Aronson, J.E.; Lindsey, K.; Frolick, M. and Claffey, G. (2001). Measuring the Validity of Task Technology Fit for Knowledge Management Systems. Proceedings of the Seventh Americas Conference on Information Systems. Boston, MA. August 4-6.
196. McEvily, S.K. and Chakravarthy, B. (April, 2002). "The Persistence of Knowledge-Based Advantage: An Empirical Test for Product Performance and Technological Knowledge," Strategic Management Journal, 23 (4): 285-306.
197. McGrath, J.E. (1984). Groups: Interaction and Performance. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
198. McCarthy, R.V.; Aronson, J.E.; Lindsey, K.; Frolick, M. and Claffey, G. (2002). Task-technology Fit in Data Warehousing Environments: Analyzing the Factors that Affect Utilization. Proceedings of the Eighth Americas Conference on Information Systems. Dallas, TX. August 9 -11. 40-46.
199. McDermott, R. and O'Dell, C. (2001). "Overcoming Cultural Barriers to Sharing Knowledge," Journal of Knowledge Management, 5 (1): 76-85.
200. McGrath, J.E. (1984). Groups: Interaction and Performance, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
201. McInerney, C. (October, 2002) "Knowledge Management and the Dynamic Nature of Knowledge," Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 53 (12): 1009-1017.
202. McLure Wasko, M. and Faraj, S. (March, 2005). "Why Should I Share? Examining Social Capital and Knowledge Contribution in Electronic Networks of Practice," MIS Quarterly, 29 (1): 35-57.
203. Medina-Mora, R.; Winograd, R.; Flores, T. and Flores, R. (October 31-November 4, Toronto, 1992 ). The Action Workflow Approach to Workflow Management Technology. Proceedings of the CSCW, 281-288.
204. Melissa, M.A. and Kalsow, G.A. (1999). "Knowledge Diffusion in the Semiconductor Industry," Journal of knowledge, 3 (4): 288-295.
205. Merlyn, P. and Valikangas, L. (1998). "From Information Technology to Knowledge Technology: Taking the User into Consideration," Journal of Knowledge management, 2 (2): 28-35.
206. Meso, P. and Smith, R. (2000). "A Resource-Based View of Organizational Knowledge Management Systems," Journal of Knowledge Management, 4 (3): 224-234.
207. Metaxiotis, K.; Ergazakis, K.; Samouilidis, E. and Psarras, J. (December, 2003). "Decision Support Through Knowledge Management: the Role of the Artificial Intelligence," Information Management & Computer Security, 11 (5): 216-221.
208. Mikkelsen, A. and Gronhaug, K. (1999). "Measuring Organizational Learning Climate: A Cross-National Replication and Instrument Validation Study Among Public Sector Employees," Review of Public Personnel Administration, 19 (4): 31-44.
209. Mikkelsen, A.; Ogaard, T. and Lovrich, N. (2000). "Modeling the Effects of Organizational Setting and Individual Coping Style on Employees Subjective Health, Job Satisfaction, and Commitment," Public Administration Quarterly, 24 (3): 371-397.
210. Moffett, S.; McAdam, R. and Parkinson, S. (2003). "An Empirical Analysis of Knowledge Management Applications," Journal of Knowledge Management, 7 (3): 6-26.
211. Morey, D. (1998). Knowledge Management Architecture. Retrieved September 3, 2003, from the World Wide Web: http://www.brint.com/members/online/120205/kmarch/kmarch.html.
212. Morey, D. (2001). "High-Speed Knowledge Management: Integrating Operations Theory and Knowledge Management for Rapid Results," Journal of Knowledge Management, 5 (4): 322-328.
213. Ng, P. and Farhoomand, A. (2002). The Price Waterhouse Coopers Knowledge Curve and the Spinoff of PwC Consulting. Hong Kong, The Centre for Asian Business Cases. University of Hong Kong: HKU22 1; reprinted by HBS as 02/ 147C; l5pp.
214. Nissen, M. E. (November, 1999). "Knowledge-Based Knowledge Management in the Reengineering Domain," Decision Support Systems, 27 (1-2): Special Issue on Knowledge Management, 47-65.
215. Nonaka, I. (November-December, 1991). "The Knowledge-Creating Company," Harvard Business Review, 69, 96-104.
216. Nonaka, I. (1994). "A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation." Organization Science, 5 (10): 14-37.
217. Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. (1995). The Knowledge Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
218. Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
219. Oakland, J.S. (1995). Total Quality Management ± Text with Cases, Butterworth-Heinnemann, Oxford.
220. O'Dell, C. and Grayson, C. (1998). "If only we Knew What We Know: Identification and Transfer of Internal Best Practices," California Management Review, 40 (3): 154-74.
221. O'Leary, D. (May/June, 1998). "Using AI in Knowledge Management: Knowledge Bases and Ontologies," IEEE Intelligent Systems, 13 (3): 34-39.
222. O'Neill, M.S. and Alexander, J.F. (1971). "Family Interaction Patterns as a Function of Task Characteristics," Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1 (2): 163-172.
223. Pan, S.L. and Scarbrough, H. (1999). "Knowledge management in practice: An exploratory case study," Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 11 (3): 359-374.
224. Pentland, B.T. (1995). "Information Systems and Organizational Learning: The Social Epistemology of Organizational Knowledge Systems,” Accounting Management and Information Technology, 5 (1): 1-21.
225. Peters, W.S. and Champoux, J.E. (1979). "The Use of Moderated Regression in Job Redesign Decisions," Decision Science, 10 (1):85-95.
226. Peters, L.H.; O’Connor, E.J. and Wise S.L. (1984). The Specification and Testing of Useful Moderator Variable Hypotheses. In T.S. Bateman & G. R. Ferris (Eds.), Method and Analysis in Organizational Research. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing, 128-139.
227. Pitman, B. (1994). "How to Build a Learning Culture to Cope with Rapid Change," Journal of systems management, 45 (7): 27.
228. Podsakoff, P.M. and Organ, D.W. (1986). "Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects," Journal of Management, 12 (4): 531-544.
229. Poole, M.S. (1978). "An Information-Task Approach to Organizational Communication," Academy of Management Review, 3 (4): 493-504.
230. Poole, M.S. and DeSanctis, G. (1989). Use of Group Decision Support Systems as an Appropriation Process, Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Hawaii International Conference, 4, 149- 157.
231. Porter, M. (1985). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Free Press, New York.
232. Porter-Liebskind, J. (1996). "Knowledge, Strategy and the Theory of the Firm," Strategic Management Journal, 17 (SPISS): 93-107.
233. Powell, W. (1998). "Learning from Collaboration: Knowledge and Networks in the Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industries," California Management Review, 40 (3): 228-240.
234. Quaddusa, M. and Xub, J. (2005). "Adoption and Diffusion of Knowledge Management Systems: Field Studies of Factors and Variables," Knowledge-Based Systems, 18 (2-3): 107-115.
235. Sabherwal, R. and Becerra-Fernandez, I. (Spring 2003) "An Empirical Study of the Effect of Knowledge Management Processes at Individual, Group, and Organizational Levels," Decision Science, 34 (2): 225-260.
236. Rana, A.R.; Turoff, M. and Hiltz, S.R. (1997). Task and Technology Interaction (TTI): A Theory of Technological Support for Group Tasks, Proceedings of the Thirtieth Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2: 66-76.
237. Remus, U. and Schub, S. (October/December, 2003). "A Blueprint for the Implementation of Process-Oriented Knowledge Management," Knowledge and Process Management, 10 (4): 237-253.
238. Richards, I. (1998). "Innovation: The Strategic Imperative," The Knowledge Management Report Series, Management Trends International, Lavendon, London.
239. Robinson, J.P.; Shaver, P.R. and Wrightsman, L.S. "Criteria for Scale Selection and Evaluation, " in Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes, J.P., Robinson, P.R. Shanver, and L.S. Wrightsman (eds.) San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press, 1991.
240. Rockart, J.F. (1979). "Chief Executives Define their Own Data Needs," Harvard Business Review, 57 (2): 238-241.
241. Rubenstein-Montano, B.; Liebowitz, J.; Buchwalter, J.; McGaw, D.; Newman, B. and Rebeck, K. (2001). "SMART Vision: A Knowledge-Management Methodology," Journal of Knowledge Management, 5 (4): 300-310.
242. Ruggles, R. (Spring, 1998). "The State of the Notion: Knowledge Management in practice," California Management Review, 40 (3): 80-89.
243. Rukstad, M. G. and Coughlan, P. (2001). "DaimlerChrysler Knowledge Management Strategy," Cambridge, MA, HBS: Report No. 9-702-412: 18.
244. Ryu, C.; Yong, J.K.; Chaudhury, A. and Rao, H.R. (June, 2005). "Knowledge Acquisition via Three Learning Processes in Enterprise Information Portals: Learning-by-Investment, Learning-by-doing, and Learning-from-others," MIS Quarterly, 29 (2): 245-278.
245. Ryan, S.D. and Prybutok, V.R. (Summer, 2001). "Factors Affecting the Adoption of Knowledge Management Technologies: a Discriminative Approach," Journal of Computer Information Systems, 41 (4): 31-38.
246. Sarvary, M. (1999). "Knowledge Management and Competition in the Consulting Industry," California Management Review, 41 (2): 95-107.
247. Scannell, E. (1994). "Firms Foresee Boom in End-user Support," Computerworld, 28 (9): 39.
248. Scheel, C. (2002). "Knowledge Clusters of Technological Innovation Systems." Journal of Knowledge Management, 6 (4): 356-367.
249. Schein, E.H. (1985). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco CA, Jossey Bass.
250. Schultze, U. and Leidner ,D.E. (September, 2002). "Studying Knowledge Management in Information Systems Research: Discourses and Theoretical Assumptions," MIS Quarterly, 26 (3): 213-242.
251. Scott, S.G. and Bruce, R.A. (1994). "Determinants of Innovative Behavior: A Path Model of Individual Innovation in the Workplace," Academy of Management Journal, 37 (3): 580-607.
252. Schumacker, R.E. and Lomax, R.G. (1996). A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
253. Segars, A.H. and Grover, V. (1993). "Re-examining Perceived Ease of Use and Usefulness: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis," MIS Quarterly, 17(4): 517-525.
254. Shankar, R.; Singh, M.D.; Gupta, A. and Narain, R. (July, 2003). "Strategic Planning for Knowledge Management Implementation in Engineering Firms," work study, 52 (4/5): 190-200.
255. Shaw, M.E. (1954). "Some Effects of Problem Complexity upon Problem Solution Efficiency in Different Communication Nets," Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48 (3): 211-217.
256. Shaw, M.E. (1973). "Scaling Group Tasks: A Method for Dimensional Analysis," JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 3 (8): 143-158.
257. Shaw, M.J.; Subramaniam, C.; Tan, G.W. and Welge, M. (2001). "Knowledge Management and Data Mining for Marketing," Decision Support Systems, 31 (1): 127-137.
258. Shenk, D. Data Smog: Surviving the Information Glut. San Francisco: Harper, 1997.
259. Sher, P.J. and Lee, V.C. (2004). "Information Technology as a Facilitator for Enhancing Dynamic Capabilities through Knowledge Management," Information & management, 41 (8): 933-945.
260. Shin, M.; Holden, T. and Schmidt, R.A. (2001). "From Knowledge Theory to Management Practice: Towards an Integrated Approach, Information Support for the Sense-Making Activity of Managers," Decision Support Systems, 31 (1): 55-69.
261. Shirani, A.I.; Tafti, M.H.A. and Affisco, J.F. (1999). "Task and Technology Fit: A Comparison of Two Technologies for Synchronous and Asynchronous Group Communication," Information &Management, 36 (3): 139-150.
262. Simonin, B. (1997). "The Importance of Collaborative Know-how: an Empirical Test of the Learning Organization," Academy of Management Journal, 40 (5): 509-533.
263. Skyrme, D. (2000). Knowledge Management: Making Sense of an Oxymoron, http://www.skyrme.com/pubs/knwstrat.htm. Accessed 7 June 2006.
264. Skyrme, D. and Amidon, D. (1998). "New Measures of Success," Journal of Business Strategy, 19 (1): 20-24.
265. Skyrme, D. and Amidon, D. (2000). The Knowledge Agenda. In Hermans, J. (ed.). The Knowledge Management Yearbook 1999-2000. USA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
266. Slater, S.F. and Narver, J.C. (July, 1995). "Market Orientation and the Learning Organization," Journal of Marketing, 59 (3): 63-74.
267. Smart, P A.; Maull, R.S.; Radnor, Z.J. and Housel, T.J. (2003). "An Approach for Identifying Value in Business Processes," Journal of Knowledge Management, 7 (4): 49-61.
268. Smyth, R. (2001). Challenges to Successful ERP Use, The 9th European Conference on Information Systems, Bled, Slovenia, June 27-29.
269. Spender, J.C. (1996). "Making Knowledge the Basis of a Dynamic Theory of the Firm," Strategic Management Journal, 17(SPISS): 45-62.
270. Srivihok, A.; Ho, R. and Burstein, F. (2000). An Instrument for Web Measurement: End User Evaluation of Web Application Effectiveness, Proceedings of the Australian Conference on Information Systems 2000. Brisbane, Australia.
271. Staples, D.S. and Seddon, P. (2004). "Testing the Technology-to-Performance Chain Model," Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 16 (4): 17-36.
272. Stein, E.W. (1992). "A Method to Identify Candidates for Knowledge Acquisition," Journal of Information Systems, 9 (2): 161-178.
273. Steiner, I.D. (1972). Group Process and Productivity, Academic Press, New York.
274. Stone, D. (1999). "Learning Lessons and Transferring Policy Across Time, Space and Disciplines," Politics, 19 (1): 51-59.
275. Storey, J. and Barnett, E. (2000). "Knowledge Management Initiatives: Learning From Failure," Journal of Knowledge Management, 4 (2): 145-156.
276. Straub, D.M.L. and Karahanna-Evaristo, E. (1995). "Measuring System Usage: Implications for IS Theory Testing, " Management Science, 41 (8): 1328-1342.
277. Straus, S.G. and McGrath, J.E. (1994). "Does the Medium Matter? The Interaction of Task Type and Technology on Group Performance and Member Reactions," Journal of Applied Psychology, 79 (1): 87-97.
278. Streele, N.O. (2000). "Success Factors for Virtual Libraries,” Wilton, 23 (5): 68-71.
279. Streng, D.J. (1999). "Knowledge Management: An Essential Framework for Corporate Library Leadership," Advances in Library Administration and Organization, 16: 1-30.
280. Sussman, S. and Guinan, P. (1999). "Antidotes for High Complexity and Ambiguity in Software Development," Information & Management, 36 (1): 23-35.
281. Susssman, S.W. and Siegal, W. S. (March, 2003). "Informational Influence in Organizations: An Integrated Approach to Knowledge Adoption," Information Systems Research, 14 (1): 47-65.
282. Susan, K.M. and Chakravarthy, B.S. (2002). "The Persistence of Knowledge-based Advantage: An Empirical Test for Product Performance and Technological Knowledge," Strategic Management Journal, 23 (4): 285-306.
283. Swanson, E.B. and Ramiller, N.C. (December, 2004) "Innovating Mindfully with Information Technology," MIS Quarterly, 28 (4): 553-583.
284. Swenson, K.D. (1993). Visual Support for Reengineering Work Processes, Proceedings of the COOCS: 130-141.
285. Syed-Ikhsan, S.O.S.B. and Rowland, F. (2004). "Benchmarking Knowledge Management in a Public Organization in Malaysia," Benchmarking: An International Journal, 11 (3): 238-266.
286. Szajna, B. (January, 1996). "Empirical Evaluation of the Revised Technology Acceptance Model," Management Science, 42 (1): 85-92.
287. Szulanski, G. (Winter, 1996). "Exploring Internal Stickiness: Impediments to the Transfer of Best Practices within the Firm," Strategic Management Journal, 17 (Winter special issue): 27-43.
288. Tanriverdi, H. (June, 2005). "Information Technology Relatedness, Knowledge Management Capability, and Performance of Multibusiness Firms," MIS Quarterly, 29 (2): 311-334.
289. Taylor, S. and Todd, P. (December, 1995). "Assessing IT Usage: the Role of Prior Experience," MIS Quarterly, 19 (4): 561-571.
290. Taylor, W.A. and Wright, G.H. (2004). "Organizational Readiness for Successful Knowledge Sharing: Challenges for Public Sector Managers," Information Resources Management Journal, 17 (2): 22-37.
291. Teece, D.J. (1998). "Capturing Value from Knowledge Assets: the New Economy, Markets for Know-How, and Intangible Assets," California Management Review, 40 (3): 55-79.
292. Thompson, R.L.; Higgins, C.A. and Howell, J.M. (1991). "Personal Computing: Towards a Conceptual Model of Utilization, " MIS Quarterly, 15 (1): 125-143.
293. Thompson, D.Q. (1991). "History of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) Biological Control Efforts," Natural Areas Journal, 11 (3): 148-150.
294. Thornton, G. (1980) "Psychometric Properties of Self-appraisal of Job Performance,” Personnel Psychology, 33: 262-271.
295. Thurmond, V. A. (2001) "The point of triangulation," Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33 (3): 253-258.
296. Tjahjono, B.F.; Fakun, D.G. and Kay, R. (2001). "Evaluation of a Manufacturing Task Support System Using the Task Technology Fit Model,” Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference of the Production and Operations Management Society, March 30- April 3. Orlando, FL.
297. Trussler, S. (January, 1998). "The Rules of the Game." Journal of Business Strategy, 19 (1): 16-19.
298. van Buren, M.E. (May, 1999). "A Yardstick for Knowledge Management," Training & Development, 53 (5): 71-79.
299. Van der Vegt, G.; Van de Vliert, E. And Oosterhof, A. (2003). "Informational Dissimilarity and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Role of Intrateam Interdependence and Team Identification," Academy of Management Journal, 46 (6): 715-727.
300. Venkatesh, V. (1999). "Creation of Favorable User Perceptions: Exploring the Role of Intrinsic Motivation," MIS Quarterly, 23 (2): 239-260.
301. Venkatesh, V. and Davis, F.D. (1996). "A Model of the Antecedents of Perceived Ease of Use: Development and Test," Decision Sciences, 27 (3): 451-81.
302. Venkatraman, N. (1989). "The Concept of Fit in Strategy Research: Toward Verbal and Statistical Correspondence," Academy of Management Review, 14 (3): 423-444.
303. Verkasalo, M. and Lappalainen. P. (November, 1998). "A Method of Measuring the Efficiency of the Knowledge Utilization Process," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 45 (4): 414-423.
304. Vessey, I. (Spring 1991). "Cognitive Fit: A Theory-Based Analysis of the Graphs Versus Tables Literature," Decision Sciences, 22 (2): 219-241.
305. Vessey, I. and Galletta, D. (1991). "Cognitive Fit: An Empirical Study of Information Acquisition," Information Systems Research, 2 (1): 63-84.
306. von Krogh, G. (1998). "Care in Knowledge Creation," California Management Review, 40 (3): 133-153.
307. Wasko, M. M. and Faraj, S. (March, 2005). "Why Should I Share? Examining Social Capital and Knowledge Contributions in Electronic Networks of Practice," MISQ Quarterly, 29 (1): 35-57.
308. Waterman, R.H. (1982). "The Seven Elements of Strategic Fit," The Journal of Business Strategy, 2 (3): 69-73.
309. Watson, S.; Hewett, K. (March, 2006). "A Multi-Theoretical Model of Knowledge Transfer in Organizations: Determinants of Knowledge Contribution and Knowledge Reuse," Journal of Management Studies, 43 (2): 141-173.
310. Weggeman, M. (1997) Kennismanagement, Inrichting en Besturing van Kennisintensieve Organisaties, Scriptum, Schiedam, NL.
311. Wheeler, B.C. and Valacich, J.S. (1996). "Facilitation, GSS, and Training as Sources of Process Restrictiveness and Guidance for Structured Group Decision Making: An Empirical Assessment," Information Systems Research, 7 (4): 429-450.
312. Wickert, A and Herschel, R. (2001). "Knowledge-Management Issues for Smaller Business," Journal of Knowledge Management, 5 (4): 329-337.
313. Wong, W.L.P. and Radcliffe, D.F. (2000). "The Tacit Nature of Design Knowledge," Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 12 (4): 493-512.
314. Zack, M. (Summer, 1999). "Managing Codified Knowledge," Sloan Management Review, 40 (4): 45-58.
315. Zander, U. and Kogut, B. (1995). "Knowledge and the Speed of the Transfer and Imitation of Organizational Capabilities: An Empirical Test," Organization Science, 6 (1): 76-92.
316. Zeleny, M. (2000). Knowledge vs. Information. The IEBM Handbook of Information Technology in Business, Thomson Learning, London: 162-168.
317. Zigurs, I.; Buckland, B.K.; Connolly, J. and Wilson, E.V. (1999). "A Test of Task-Technology Fit theory for Group Support Systems," Data Base for Advances in Information Systems, 30 (3-4): 34-50.
318. Zigurs, I. and Buckland, B.K. (September, 1998). "A Theory of Task-Technology Fit and Group Support Systems Effectiveness," MIS Quarterly, 22 (3): 313-334.
319. Zuckerman, A. and Buell, H. (June, 1998). "Is the World Ready for Knowledge Management?" Quality Progress, 31 (6): 81-84.