本研究區域位於台灣東南部海域，固定緯度為21.75°N，介於121~124°E之間，而黑潮為流經此斷面之重要西方邊界流。本研究探討了水、標準化無機碳及營養鹽通量在此斷面有何空間及時間之變化，並根據黑潮的特性討論此斷面各項通量變化之可能原因。
就空間尺度而言，比較本研究區域中每一經度間距內的水通量，121~123°E多為北向的流，其中121~122°E佔較大百分比，且在0~1000 m中，0~250 m佔了一半以上的水通量，反映黑潮表水流速快之特性；標準化無機碳之濃度變化不大，所以和水通量相乘後其通量會隨著水通量改變。營養鹽通量和水通量相似之處為121~122°E亦佔121~123°E較大百分比，但由於其濃度對水深的關係為表水低、深水高，使0~250 m的營養鹽通量在0~1000 m佔的比例較水通量低，也因此有其通量核心位於中層水的"nutrient stream"現象，本文並將此現象分為三種型態：型態一為單核心之nutrient stream、型態二為雙核心之nutrient stream、型態三為被向南水流阻隔的兩獨立nutrient stream。
就不同季節而言，比較本研究區域中每一經度間距內的四季平均水通量，121~122°E之季節差異最大，且此經度範圍和121~123°E皆為夏季的平均水通量最大，應是受到北赤道洋流的分歧點南移影響；標準化無機碳通量於時間尺度的變化亦如同空間尺度，隨著水通量改變。營養鹽通量的季節變化和水通量相似，而四個季節的nutrient stream皆以型態二佔最大比例。
將時間尺度放大，以24個月的移動平均值來討論年際間的變化，自2013年開始，0~1000 m之營養鹽通量於本研究區域有大幅上升的趨勢，而水及標準化無機碳通量上升趨勢較緩，推測應是受到0~250 m流速變慢、250~1000 m流速變快影響，但造成此流速改變的原因尚未釐清。若將121~122°E及122~123°E之水通量與大尺度自然現象(聖嬰/反聖嬰現象及太平洋十年期震盪(PDO))比較，聖嬰現象發生時，121~122°E在冬季的水通量明顯最小，反聖嬰現象發生時，121~122°E在夏季的水通量明顯最大，而此時期的水通量於夏、秋、冬三個季節大於聖嬰現象時期，而122~123°E則看不出明顯關係性。當PDO為正相位時期，121~122°E之水通量為夏季大、冬季小，122~123°E之水通量為夏秋兩季較大、春冬兩季較小，但其標準差大；負相位時期，121~122°E於夏季的水通量最大，122~123°E之水通量則季節變化不明顯。

This research concerns the Kuroshio across 121~124°E at 21.75°N southeast of Taiwan. The Kuroshio is an important western boundary current and this study focuses on spatial and temporal variations of water, normalized inorganic carbon and nutrient fluxes, as well as reasons behind such variations. It was found that most of the flow between 121~123°E is northward, and the water flow between 121~122°E accounts for a large percentage. In addition, the water flux in the top 250 m is more that 50% of the flux above 1000 m. Between 123~124°E there is only weak net flow.
Since spatial and vertical variabilities of normalized inorganic carbon is small, their fluxes vary according to how water fluxes vary. Similarly, the nutrient fluxes between 121~122°E is larger than those between 122~123°E. On the other hand, since the nutrient concentrations are low in the surface layer where the water flux is high, and that the nutrient concentrations are high in deep layers where the water flux is low, a "nutrient stream" develops at a depth of several hundred meters. The nutrient stream can be divided into three types: namely type one with a single core, type two with two cores separated at 121.6E, and type three with two cores but with a return flow at 121.6E. Type two has the highest fluxes.
Between 121~122°E there are large seasonal variations in terms of fluxes, with the highest fluxes in summer when the bifurcation of the North Pacific Equatorial Current shifts southward. The 24-month moving averages indicate that starting in 2013 the nutrient fluxes have increased significantly, yet the water and normalized inorganic carbon fluxes only increased slightly. This is because the current speed has reduced in the top layer above 250 m yet the speed has increased between 250~1000 m. Further, during the El Nino event, the water flux between 121~122°E is high in summer but seems to be unchanged between 121~123°E. During the warm PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) phase, the water flux between 121~122°E is high in summer but low in winter, and between 121~123°E, the flux is high in summer and fall. During the cold PDO phase, the water flux between 121~122°E is also high in summer although we could not detect a significant correlation between 121~123°E.

目錄
論文審定書 i
致謝 ii
摘要 iv
Abstract vi
目錄 vii
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 xii
第一章、前言 1
1.1 研究區域 1
1.2 文獻回顧 3
1.3 研究目的 7
第二章、研究材料與方法 13
2.1 研究材料 13
2.1.1 資料庫數據 13
2.1.2 實驗室數據 14
2.2 研究方法 15
2.3 擬合結果 16
2.3.1 實驗室數據之擬合 16
2.3.2 HYCOM數據之驗證 16
第三章、水、無機碳及營養鹽通量於不同空間之比較 31
3.1 溫鹽分布 31
3.2 不同經度區域之通量 33
3.2.1 水通量 33
3.2.2 無機碳(NTA及NDIC)之通量 33
3.2.3 營養鹽(N, P, Si)之通量 34
3.3 與前人文獻之比較 37
第四章、水、無機碳及營養鹽通量於不同季節及年際間之變化 66
4.1 四季變化 66
4.1.1 水通量 66
4.1.2 無機碳(NTA、NDIC)通量 68
4.1.3 營養鹽(N、P、Si)通量 68
4.1.4 進入東海陸棚的通量比例 69
4.2 年際變化 71
4.2.1 各項參數通量的年際變化 71
4.2.2 與Nino 3.4 index之比較 72
4.2.3 與PDO之比較 73
第五章、結論 98
參考文獻 101
附錄一、HYCOM數據與實測數據差值 108
附錄二、ADCP流速剖面圖 113

 
圖目錄
圖 1- 1、西菲律賓海水與南海水交換情況示意圖 8
圖 1- 2、聖嬰、反聖嬰及正常時期月平均海表溫度狀況 9
圖 1- 3、PDO (a)暖相位與(b)冷相位時，典型的冬季海表溫度(色標)、海平面氣壓(等值線)及表面風應力(箭頭)的差異模式 10
圖 1- 4、2009年3月2日於21.8°N, 121.2°E的N濃度、流速及N通量vs深度圖 11
圖 1- 5、1992年5月於21.75°N之N通量vs深度剖面圖 12
圖 2- 1、太平洋十年期震盪指標(PDO index) 17
圖 2- 2、Nino 3.4區位置圖 17
圖 2- 3、Nino 3.4 指標 18
圖 2- 4、HYCOM下載數據之站位 19
圖 2- 5、實驗室數據站位 20
圖 2- 6、實驗室數據中(a)NTA (b)NDIC (c)N (d)P (e)Si與溫度之關係圖 21
圖 2- 7、實測值及擬合值之關係圖 24
圖 2- 8、溫度實測值與HYCOM數據之關係圖 28
圖 3- 1、PR20在121~130°E處以經度劃分之溫鹽曲線 40
圖 3- 2、ORIII-1347 (2009/3) 41
圖 3- 3、型態一(1996/08/01) 45
圖 3- 4、型態二(2018/07/01) 49
圖 3- 5、型態三(2007/07/01) 53
圖 3- 6、2018年年平均海表溫度介於16-19.5°C的範圍 57
圖 3- 7、2018年年平均葉綠素濃度 57
圖 3- 8、三種型態在121~122°E、0~1000 m之N、P及Si平均通量比較圖 58
圖 3- 9、三種型態在121~123°E、0~1000 m之N、P及Si平均通量比較圖 58
圖 3- 10、本研究與前人研究之測線位置圖 59
圖 3- 11、本研究與前人研究之通量比較 60
圖 3- 12、本研究與前人研究每平方公里之通量比較 61
圖 3- 13、Gulf Stream之流域 62
圖 4- 1、四季平均水通量比較圖 75
圖 4- 2、四季的平均水通量在0~250 m間A (121~122°E)、B區(122~123°E)佔A+B區(121~123°E)的百分比 76
圖 4- 3、四季的平均水通量在0~1000 m間A (121~122°E)、B區(122~123°E)佔A+B區(121~123°E)的百分比 76
圖 4- 4、四季平均NTA通量比較圖 77
圖 4- 5、四季平均NDIC通量比較圖 78
圖 4- 6、四季平均N通量比較圖 79
圖 4- 7、四季平均P通量比較圖 80
圖 4- 8、四季平均Si通量比較圖 81
圖 4- 9、1992年10月至2018年11月每個月1日的原始數據，由上至下為水、NTA、NDIC、N、P及Si在0~250 m的通量 82
圖 4- 10、1992年10月至2018年11月每個月1日的原始數據，由上至下為水、NTA、NDIC、N、P及Si在0~1000 m的通量 84
圖 4- 11、1992年10月至2018年11月24個月的移動平均，由上至下為水、NTA、NDIC、N、P及Si在0~250 m的通量 86
圖 4- 12、1992年10月至2018年11月24個月的移動平均，由上至下為水、NTA、NDIC、N、P及Si在0~1000 m的通量 88
圖 4- 13、1992年10月至2018年11月121~123°E及121~122°E 24個月的移動平均，由上至下為水、NTA、NDIC、N、P及Si在0~1000 m的通量 90
圖 4- 14、121~123°E於0~250 m及250~1000 m之24個月的移動平均 (a)水通量 (b)N通量 92
圖 4- 15、PDO index 93
圖 4- 16、聖嬰事件發生時四季之平均水通量 93
圖 4- 17、反聖嬰事件發生時四季之平均水通量 94
圖 4- 18、PDO正相位時期四季之平均水通量 95
圖 4- 19、PDO負相位時期四季之平均水通量 96
附圖 1、HYCOM溫度數據和實測溫度數據差值vs深度圖。 108
附圖 2、HYCOM鹽度數據和實測鹽度數據差值vs深度圖。 109
附圖 3、擬合NTA濃度數據和實測NTA濃度數據差值vs深度圖。 110
附圖 4、擬合NTA濃度數據和實測NTA濃度數據差值vs深度圖。 110
附圖 5、擬合N濃度數據和實測N濃度數據差值vs深度圖。 111
附圖 6、擬合P濃度數據和實測P濃度數據差值vs深度圖。 111
附圖 7、擬合Si濃度數據和實測Si濃度數據差值vs深度圖。 112
附圖 8、ADCP流速vs深度之剖面圖。 113

表目錄
表 2- 1、實驗室數據航次時間表 29
表 2- 2、各化學參數之擬合公式 30

表 3- 1、各經度範圍之水通量平均及百分比，括號內之數字為0~250 m佔0~1000 m水通量的比例 63
表 3- 2、各經度範圍之NTA通量平均及百分比，括號內之數字為0~250 m佔0~1000 m NTA通量的比例 63
表 3- 3、各經度範圍之NDIC通量平均及百分比，括號內之數字為0~250 m佔0~1000 m NDIC通量的比例 63
表 3- 4、各經度範圍之N通量平均及百分比，括號內之數字為0~250 m佔0~1000 m N通量的比例 64
表 3- 5、各經度範圍之P通量平均及百分比，括號內之數字為0~250 m佔0~1000 m P通量的比例 64
表 3- 6、各經度範圍之Si通量平均及百分比，括號內之數字為0~250 m佔0~1000 m Si通量的比例 64
表 3- 7、黑潮各區域及Gulf Stream之營養鹽通量最大值，Nmax為N通量最大值，Pmax為P通量最大值，單位皆為mmol m-2 s-1 65
表 4- 1、四種型態在四季之數量及比例 97

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