目前全球氣候暖化日益嚴重，極端天氣事件頻頻發生，而由已發表資料顯示，近2千年來氣候與環境變化可能與人為活動相關，特別是近年來的暖化更是與人為的開發與經濟發展息息相關。觀察過去幾千年來重建的溫度及環境變化資料，顯示數千年來全球有過幾次較大的氣候變化時期，而不同時期發生的事件對各地所造成的影響都不盡相同，因此了解氣候變化與人為活動之間的關聯性，不僅可以幫助我們了解影響氣候變化的調控機制，更能提供對未來氣候可能變遷之趨勢探討。本研究於陽明山夢幻湖採集沉積物岩芯、表層沉積物及土壤，分析其中的有機碳濃度、有機碳同位素、粒徑，與利用XRF掃描岩芯之元素組成等，以此重建過去臺灣北部山區之古環境變化，進而推知臺灣北部過去的氣候變化概況。
由已完成的放射性碳同位素定年資料顯示，沉積岩芯所涵蓋約為距今5000-500 cal yr B.P.，岩芯表層缺乏近500 cal yr B.P.沉積物的資料，可能與保育臺灣水韭所做的整治行為有關，以致造成表層沉積物缺失。而於岩芯深度200-300公分處沉積物可能為一大規模崩塌事件所沉積，發生時間約在5000 cal yr B.P.左右，此次崩塌可能導致夢幻湖區的形成，而後逐漸發展成現代的規模。藉由重建紀錄發現4K事件時臺灣北部主要為濕冷的環境，而後於約3000 cal yr B.P.左右，臺灣北部降雨達最盛時期，此時可能為夢幻湖開始蓄水發展成現代規模的關鍵時期。各項指標數據均顯示該時期的氣候相對潮濕，此種情況延續至約2000 cal yr B.P.左右，逐漸轉變為乾期至中世紀暖期後期(Medieval Warm Period，9-13世紀)，才隨著小冰期的發展逐漸轉變為寒冷偏濕的氣候狀態。

Recently, as a result of accelerated global warming, extreme weather events occur frequently. Otherwise, due to human activities, the climate system had been interrupted severely within the past 2000 years. Further understandings of the climate system and better reconstructions of paleoclimatic records thus can benefit the prediction of future climatic changes. As strongly influences by seasonal monsoon changes, especially on the windward side of monsoon which may bring considerable rainfalls during the winter season, lacustrine records recovered in northern Taiwan then can be a good archive for paleo-studies. In this study, sedimentary cores, surface sediments and soils, which recovered from the Menghuan Pond (Dream Lake), where locates on Yangmingshan (Ynagming Mount) in northern Taiwan, were conducted to analyze TOC, δ13C, grain size, and XRF core scanning. Thus, vegetation and landscape variations which influenced by climatic changes can be estimated for paleo-studies.
Based on the radiocarbon datings, the estimated age model reveals that the core DL-3, total length is 300 cm, can at least cover the record since 5,000 to 500 cal yr B.P. The age-depth model indicates a plausible hiatus of modern sediments. The lost deposits of core DL-3 might be due to the management of wetland done by 20 years ago, to remove the upper part sediments for ecological conservation of Taiwan quillwort. Based on the reconstructed paleoclimate changes over northern Taiwan Island, we found that the 4K cold event has spatial differences in Taiwan Island. Otherwise, approximately 3000 cal yr B.P., the record shows that it was the most humid period and the lake area of Menghuan Pond expended to a similar size with the present. Unlike the other regions, our research results also demonstrate that the Medieval Warm Period was warm and dry in northern Taiwan, but cold and wet in Little Ice Age.

論文審定書 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
圖次 vii
表次 x
第1章、緒論 1
1.1、前言 1
1.2、研究區域 5
1.2.1 夢幻湖地理位置 5
1.2.2 夢幻湖近年來環境變遷 7
1.2.3 氣候條件 9
1.2.4 現生植被類型 10
1.3、全新世的氣候與4K事件 13
1.4、臺灣過去古氣候紀錄 18
1.5、研究動機 25
第2章、研究材料與方法 26
2.1、研究材料 26
2.2、碳14定年與年代模式 30
2.3、元素分析 31
2.4、有機碳同位素(δ13C)分析 34
2.5、粒徑分析 36
2.6、XRF岩芯掃描 39
第3章、結果 43
3.1、夢幻湖DL-3岩芯定年結果 43
3.2、表層沉積物與土壤實驗結果 45
3.3、元素分析結果 47
3.4、有機碳同位素(Org-δ13C) 54
3.5、粒徑分析結果 57
3.6、XRF岩芯掃描結果 60
第4章、討論 71
4.1、夢幻湖大規模堆積事件之成因探討 71
4.2、過去氣候與環境變化概況重建 74
4.2.1 DL-Ⅰ夢幻湖間歇性湖泊時期氣候與環境概況重建 76
4.2.2 DL-Ⅱ夢幻湖穩定發展時期氣候與環境概況重建 79
4.3、夢幻湖DL-3岩芯重建結果與過去主要氣候事件討論 83
4.4、臺灣北部氣候與環境討論 87
參考文獻 92
中文文獻 92
英文文獻 94
網路參考資料 101
附錄 102
附錄一、採樣現況圖與國家公園採樣許可書 102
附錄二、岩芯掃描所有元素比較圖 103

中文文獻
汪良奇，2017。臺灣與中國東南部全新世水文氣候變遷 (I/III)，陽明山國家公園夢幻湖與翠翠谷沉積物之初探。國立臺灣博物館典藏管理組，報告書，臺灣臺北，共4頁。
林幸助，2015。陽明山國家公園夢幻湖生態保護區棲地調查與監測。內政部營 建署陽明山國家公園管理處，報告書，臺灣臺北，共135頁。
林采玟，2019。晚全新世至今北台灣高山湖泊沉積物特性及降雨型態關連探討。國立臺灣大學理學院地質科學研究所，碩士論文，臺灣臺北，共150頁。
施上栗，2017。105-106 年「陽明山國家公園夢幻湖生態保護區水文調查計畫」。內政部營建署陽明山國家公園管理處，報告書，臺灣臺北，共69頁。
唐子惟，2018。晚全新世臺灣中部高山湖泊沉積物矽藻紀錄及其古環境變遷。國立臺灣海洋大學地球科學研究所，碩士論文，臺灣基隆，共59頁。
陳勁志，2014。以臺灣中部地區頭社盆地生物指標及碳同位素紀錄探討中全新世以來古環境與古氣候之變化。國立中山大學海洋科學系，碩士論文，臺灣高雄，共125頁。
陳淑華，2010。陽明山國家公園古氣候之調查。內政部營建署陽明山國家公園管理處，報告書，臺灣臺北，共105頁。
陳德鴻，2010。夢幻湖臺灣水韭原棲地保育監測及維護工作，內政部營建署陽明山國家公園管理處，報告書，臺灣臺北，共152頁。
黃增泉，1983。陽明山國公園植物生態景觀資源。內政部營建署陽明山國家公園管理處，報告書，臺灣臺北，共96頁。
黃盟順，2013。臺灣北部山區撤退池生物指標紀錄探討全新世之氣候變化。國立中山大學海洋科學系，碩士論文，臺灣高雄，共124頁。
張永達，2001。台灣水韭棲地及其族群遺傳之研究。內政部營建署陽明山國家公園管理處，報告書，臺灣臺北，共36頁。
詹素娟、劉益昌，2004。陽明山國家公園七星山天坪及竹子湖考古學研究。內政部營建署陽明山國家公園管理處，報告書，臺灣臺北，共91頁。
楊丞澔，2010。六千年來台灣宜蘭地區之古氣候與環境變遷：梅花湖MHL-7B岩芯之礦物與地球化學證據。國立臺灣海洋大學地球科學研究所，碩士論文，臺灣基隆，共78頁。
劉聰桂，1990。夢幻湖及附近窪地之剖面分析及定年研究。內政部營建署陽明山國家公園管理處，報告書，臺灣臺北，共50頁。
劉時宏，2013。從日月潭井樣物化性質論萬餘年來之環境變遷。國立臺灣大學地理環境資源學研究所，碩士論文，臺灣臺北，共132頁。
劉憲承，2018。利用濁水溪口長岩芯中多重有機碳指標探討臺灣中部氣候與環境之長期變化。國立中山大學海洋科學系，碩士論文，臺灣高雄，共69頁。
鄭先祐，1987。陽明山國家公園夢幻湖生態保護區生態系之研究。內政部營建署陽明山國家公園管理處，報告書，臺灣臺北，共67頁。
藍江湖，2013。湖泊沉積中碳酸鹽、有機質及其同位素的古氣候意義。生態學雜誌，中國科學院大學，中國北京，共9頁。
羅建育，1996。臺灣高山湖泊沉積物之元素分佈與古氣候。國立中山大學海洋地質研究所，博士論文，臺灣高雄，共193頁。
 
英文文獻
An, Z., 2000. The history and variability of the East Asian paleomonsoon climate. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 171-187.
Anderson, G., Arrian's "Anabsis Alexandri" and Lucian's "Historia". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 29, 119-124.
Anderson, P., Minyuk, P., Lozhkin, A., Cherepanova, M., Borkhodoev, V., Finney, B., 2015. A multiproxy record of Holocene environmental changes from the northern Kuril Islands (Russian Far East). Journal of Paleolimnology 54, 379-393.
Arıkan, B., 2015. Modeling the paleoclimate (ca. 6000-3200 cal BP) in eastern Anatolia: the method of Macrophysical Climate Model and comparisons with proxy data. Journal of Archaeological Science 57, 158-167.
Ashley, G.M., 1978. Interpretation of polymodal sediments. Journal of Geology 86, 411-421.
Avramidis, P., Iliopoulos, G., Panagiotaras, D., Papoulis, D., Lambropoulou, P., Kontopoulos, N., Siavalas, G., Christanis, K., 2014. Tracking Mid- to Late Holocene depositional environments by applying sedimentological, palaeontological and geochemical proxies, Amvrakikos coastal lagoon sediments, Western Greece, Mediterranean Sea. Quaternary International 332, 19-36.
Belousov, A., Belousova, M., Chen, C.H., Georg, F.Z., 2010. Deposits, character and timing of recent eruptions and gravitational collapses in Tatun Volcanic Group, Northern Taiwan: Hazard-related issues. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 191, 205-221.
Bender, M.M., 1968. Mass spectrometric studies of carbon 13 variations in corn and other grasses. Radiocarbon 10, 468-472.
Benson, S., Lennard, C., Maynard, P., Roux, C., 2006. Forensic applications of isotope ratio mass spectrometry-a review. Forensic Science International 157, 1-22.
Berntsson, A., Rosqvist, G.C., Velle, G., 2014. Late-Holocene temperature and precipitation changes in Vindelfjällen, mid-western Swedish Lapland, inferred from chironomid and geochemical data. The Holocene 24, 78-92.
Bertman, S., 2003. Handbook to life in ancient Mesopotamia. History, 396.
Bianchi, T.S., Caunel, E.A., 2011. Chemical biomarkers in aquatic ecosystems. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Blaauw, M., Christen J.A., 2011. Flexible Paleoclimate Age-Depth Models Using an Autoregressive Gamma Process. International Society for Bayesian Analysis 6, 457-474.
Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., Baucher, M., 2003. Lignin Biosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Biology 54, 519-546.
Bray, E.E., Evans, E.D., 1961. Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue to recognition of source beds. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 22, 2-15.
Brown, E.T., 2011. Lake Malawi’s response to “megadrought” terminations: sedimentary records of flooding, weathering and erosion. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 303, 120-125.
Brumsack, H.J., 2006. The trace metal content of recent organic carbon-rich sediments: implications for Cretaceous black shale formation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 232, 344-361.
Büntgen, U., Tegel, W., Nicolussi, K., McCormick, M., Frank, D., Trouet, V., Kaplan, J.O.,Herzig, F., Heussner, K.-U., Wanner, H., Luterbacher, J., Esper, J., 2011. 2500 years of European climate variability and human susceptibility. Science
331, 578-582.
Chawchai, S., Kylander, M.E., Chabangborn, A., Löwemark, L., Wohlfarth, B., 2016. Testing commonly used X-ray fluorescence core scanning-based proxies for organicrich lake sediments and peat. Boreas 45, 180-189.
Chen, H.F., Yeh, P.Y., Song, S.R., Hsu, S.C., Yang, T.N., Wang, Y., Chi, Z., Lee, T.Q., Chen, M.T., Chen, C.L., Zou, J., Chang, Y.P., 2013. The Ti/Al molar ratioas a new proxy for tracing sediment transportation processes and its application inaeolian events and sea level change in East Asia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 73, 31-38.
Chen, S. -H. and Wu, J. -T., 1999. Paleolimnological environment indicated by thediatom and pollen assemblages in an alpine lake in Taiwan. Journal of Paleolimnology 22, 149-158.
Chen, S. -H., Wu, J.-T., Yang, T. -N., Chuang, P. -P., Huang, S.-Y., Wang, Y.-S., 2009. Late Holocene paleoenvironmental changes in subtropical Taiwan inferred from
pollen and diatoms in lake sediments. Journal of Paleolimnology 41, 315-327.
Chon, S. K., 2003. The Black Death transformed: disease and culture in early Renaissance Europe. History Cooperative 16.
Cohen, A. S., 2003. Paleolimnology: The History and Evolution of Lake Systems. Oxford University Press, 500.
Cranwell, P.A., 1981. Diagenesis of free and bound lipids in terrestrial detritus deposited in a lacustrine sediment. Organic Geochemistry 3, 79-89.
Croudace, I.W., Rindby, A., Rothwell, R.G., 2006, ITRAX: description and evaluation of a new multi-function X-ray core scanner. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 267, 51-63.
Cuven, S., Francus, P., Cremer, J.F., 2007. Protocoles d’ utilization et essais de calibration du scanner de microfluorescence X de type ‘‘ITRAXTM Core Scanner’’. INRS-ETE, Que´bec, rapport de recherche N" 954, 108.
Cuven, S., Francus, P., Lamoureux, S.F., 2010. Estimation of grain size variability with micro X-ray fluorescence in laminated lacustrine sediments, Cape Bounty, Canadian High Arctic. Journal of Paleolimnology 44, 803-817.
Cuven, S., Francus, P., Lamoureux, S., 2011. Mid to Late Holocene hydroclimatic and geochemical records from the varved sediments of East lake, Cape Bounty, Canadian High Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 2651-2665.
Dean, W., 2002. A 1500-Year Record of Climatic and Environmental Change in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota II: Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Stable Isotopes. Journal of Paleolimnology 27, 287-299.
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Zussman, J., 1992. An introduction to the rock-forming minerals. Longman Scientific & Technical: Wiley, 696.
Du, S., Xiang, R., Yang, Z., Guo, Z., Saito Y., Fan D., 2019. Late-Holocene high-frequency East Asia Winter Monsoon variability inferred from environmentally sensitive grain size component in the distal shelf mud area, East China Sea. The Holocene 29, 3-16.
Dykoski, C.A., Edwards, R.L., Cheng, H., Yuan, D., Cai, Y., Zhang, M., Lin, Y., Qing, J.,An, Z., Revenaugh, J., 2005. A high-resolution, absolute-dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record from Dongge Cave. China Earth and Planetary Science Letters 233, 71-86.
Ficken, K.J., Li, B., Swain, D.L., Eglinton, G., 2000. An n-alkane proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes. Organic Geochemistry 31, 745-749.
Folk, R.L. and Ward, W.C., 1957. Brazos river bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 27, 3-26.
Fujikia, T. and Yasuda, Y., 2004. Vegetation history during the Holocene from Lake Hyangho, northeastern Korea. Quaternary International 123-125, 63-69.
Gordillo, S., Brey, T., Beyer, K., Lomovasky, B.J., 2015. Climatic and environmental changes during the middle to late Holocene in southern South America: A sclerochronological approach using the bivalve Retrotapesexalbidus (Dillwyn) from the Beagle Channel. Quaternary International 377, 83-90.
Guildford, S.J., Hecky, R.E., 2000. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and nutrient limitation in lakes and oceans: Is there a common relationship? Limnology and Oceanography 45, 1213-1223.
Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Black, W.C., 1998. Multivariate data analysis.
Hanebuth, T.J.J. and Lantzsch, H., 2008. A Late Quaternary sedimentary shelf system under hyperarid conditions: unravelling climatic, oceanographic and sea-level controls (Golfe d'Arguin, Mauritania, NW Africa). Marine Geology 256, 77-89.
Harada, N., Katsuki, K., Nakagawa, M., Matsumoto, A., Seki, O., Addison, J., Finney, B.P., Sato, M., 2014. Holocene sea surface temperature and sea ice extent in the Okhotsk and Bering Seas. Progress in Oceanography 126, 242-253.
Homer., 1984. The Iliad. Translated by Fitzgerald, Robert. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huang, J.-J., Löwemark, L., Chang, Q., Lin, T.-Y., Chen, H.-F., Song, S.-R., Wei, K.-Y., 2016. Choosing optimal exposure times for XRF core-scanning: Suggestions based on the analysis of geological reference materials. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 17, 1558-1566.
Hughes, M.K. and Diaz, H.F.,1994. Was there a 'Medieval Warm Period', and if so, where and when? Climatic Change 26, 109-142.
Hung, C.-W. and Kao, P.-K., 2010. Weakening of the Winter Monsoon and Abrupt Increase of Winter Rainfalls over Northern Taiwan and Southern China in the Early 1980s. Journal of Climate 23, 2357-2367.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2017. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) Observed Climate Change Impacts Database, Version 2.01. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), Palisades, NY.
Jeng, W.-L., Huh, C.-A., 2006. A comparison of sedimentary aliphatic hydrocarbon distribution between the southern Okinawa Trough and a nearby river with high sediment discharge. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 66, 217-224.
Jhun J.-P. and Lee, E.-J., 2004. A New East Asian Winter Monsoon Index and Associated Characteristics of the Winter Monsoon. Journal of Climate 17, 711-726.
Jian, Z., Wang, P., Saito, Y., Wang, J., Pflaumann, U., Oba, T., Cheng, X., 2000. Holocene variability of the Kuroshio Current in the Okinawa Trough, northwestern Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 184, 305-319.
Kaiser, H.F. and Rice, J., 1974. Little Jiffy, Mark Iv. Educational and Psychological Measurement 34, 111-117.
Kao, S.-J. and Liu, K.-K., 1996. Particulate organic carbon export from a subtropical mountainous river (Lanyang Hsi) in Taiwan. Limnology and Oceanography 41, 1749-1757.
Kennedy, R.A. and Laetsch, W.M., 1974. Plant Species Intermediate for C3, C4 Photosynthesis. Science 184, 1087-1089.
Lee, C.Y., Liew, P.M., Lee, T.Q., 2010. Pollen records from southern Taiwan: implications for East Asian summer monsoon variation during the Holocene. The Holocene 20, 81-89.
Liew, P.-M. and Huang, S.-Y., 1994. A 5000-year pollen record from Chitsai Lake, Central Taiwan. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 5, 411-419.
Liew, P.-M., Huang, S.-Y., Kuo, C.-M., 2006. Pollen stratigraphy, vegetation and environment of the last glacial and Holocene—A record from Toushe Basin, central Taiwan. Quaternary International 147, 16-33.
Liew, P.-M., Wu, M.-H., Lee, C.-Y., Chang, C.-L., Lee, T.-Q., 2014. Recent 4000 years of climatic trends based on pollen records from lakes and a bog in Taiwan. Quaternary International 349, 105-112.
Lou, J.Y. and Chen, C.T.A., 1997. Paleoclimatological and paleoenvironmental records since 4000 a B. P. in sediments of alpine lakes in Taiwan. SCIENCE IN CHINA 40, 424-431.
Lou, J.Y. and Chen, C.T.A., 1998. Paleoclimatological records of the Great Ghost Lake in Taiwan. SCIENCE IN CHINA 40, 284-292.
Löwemark, L., Jakobsson, M., Mörth, M., Backman, J., 2008. Arctic Ocean manganese contents and sediment colour cycles. Polar Research 27, 105-113.
Löwemark, L., Chen, H.F., Yang, T.N., Kylander, M., Yu, E.F., Hsu, Y.W., Lee, T.Q., Song, S. R., Jarvis, S., 2011. Normalizing XRF scanner data: a cautionary note on the interpretation of high resolution records from organic rich lakes. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 40, 1250-1256.
Lundeen, Z., Brunelle, A., Burns, S.J., Polyak, V., Asmeromc, Y., 2013. A speleothem record of Holocene paleoclimate from the northern Wasatch Mountains, southeast Idaho, USA. Quaternary International 310, 83-95.
Marcott, S.A., Shakun, J.D., Clark, P.U., Mix, A.C., 2013. A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years. Science 339, 1198-1201.
Marsh, R., Mills, R.A., Green, D.R.H., Salter, I., Taylor, S., 2007. Controls on sediment geochemistry in the Crozet region. Deep Sea Res Part II 54, 2260-2274.
Martinova, M.V., 1993. Nitrogen and phosphor compounds in bottom sediments: mechanisms of accumulation, transformation and release. Hydrobiologia 252, 1- 22.
Martin‐Puertas, C., Tjallingii, R., Bloemsma, M., Brauer, A., 2017. Varved sediment responses to early Holocene climate and environmental changes in Lake Meerfelder Maar (Germany) obtained from multivariate analyses of micro X‐ray fluorescence core scanning data. Journal of Quaternary Science 32, 427-436.
Masi, A., Francke, A., Pepe, C., Thienemann, M., Wagner, B., 2018. Vegetation history and paleoclimate at Lake Dojran (FYROM/Greece) during the Late Glacial and Holocene. Climate of the past 14, 351-367.
Maxwell, A.L., 2001. Holocene monsoon changes inferred from lake sediment pollen
and carbonate records, Northeastern Cambodia. Quaternary Research 56, 390-400.
Mayewskia, P.A., Rohlingb, E.E., Stagerc J.C., Karle´nd W., Maascha K.A., Meekere L.D., Meyersona E.A., Gassef F., Holmgrend K.S., Thorph J.L., Rosqvistd G., Racki F., Staubwasserj M., Schneiderk R.R., Steig E.J., 2004. Holocene climate variability. Quaternary Research 62, 243-255.
Meyers, P.A., 1994. Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter. Chemical Geology 114, 289-302.
Meyers, P.A., 1997. Organic geochemical proxies of paleoceanographic, paleolimnologic and paleoclimatic processes. Organic Geochemistry 27, 213-250.
Middleton, G.V., 1976. Hydraulic interpretation of sand size distributions. Journal of Geology 84, 405-426.
O'Leary, M.H., 1988. Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. Bioscience 38, 328-336.
PAGES 2k Consortium, 2013. Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia. Nature Geoscience 6, 339-346.
Peters, K.E., 2005. The biomarker guide: biomarkers and isotopes in the environment and human history. Cambridge University Press.
Pye, K. and Zhou, L., 1989. Late Pleistocene and Holocene aeolian dust deposition in north China and the northwest Pacific Ocean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 73, 11-23.
Richter, T.O., Gaast, S.V., Koster, B., Vaars, A., Gieles, R., Stigter, H.C., Haas, H.D., Weering, T.C., 2006. The Avaatech XRF Core Scanner: technical description and applications to NE Atlantic sediments. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 267, 39-50.
Stott, L.D., Cannariato, K.G., Thunell, R., Haug, G.H., Koutavas, A., Lund, S., 2004. Decline of surface temperature and salinity in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in the Holocene epoch. Nature 431, 56-59.
Sheu, D.D., 2013. Disastrous climate change and the history of China.
Shi, F., Ge, Q., Yang, B., Li, J., Yang, F., Ljungqvist, F.C., Solomina, O., Nakatsuka, T., Wang, N., Zhao, S., Xu, C., Fang, K., Sano, M., Chu, G., Fan, Z., Gaire, N.P., Zafar, M.U., 2015. A multi-proxy reconstruction of spatial and temporal variations in Asian summer temperatures over the last millennium. Climatic Change 131, 663-676.
Sigurdsson, H., 1990. Evidence of volcanic loading of the atmosphere and climate
response. Global and Planetary Change 3, 277-289.
Smith, B.N. and Epstein, S., 1971. Two Categories of 13C/12C Ratios for Higher
Plants. Plant Physiology 47, 380-384.
Sun, D.H., Bloemendal, J., Rea, D.K., Vandenberghe, J., Jiang, F.C., An, Z.S., Su, R.X., 2002. Grain-size distribution function of polymodal sediments in hydraulic and aeolian environments, and numerical partitioning of the sedimentary components. Sedimentary Geology 152, 263-277.
Stewart, C.E., 2012. Evaluation of angiosperm and fern contributions to soil organic matter using two methods of pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plant and Soil 351, 31-46.
Tanner, W.F., 1964. Modification of sediment size distributions. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 34, 156-164.
Tareq, S.M., Tanaka, N., Ohta, K., 2004. Biomarker signature in tropical wetland: lignin phenol vegetation index (LPVI) and its implications for reconstructing the paleoenvironment. Science of the Total Environment 324, 91-103.
Tareq, S.M., Kitagawa, H., Ohta, K., 2011. Lignin biomarker and isotopic records of paleovegetation and climate changes from Lake Erhai, southwest China, since 18.5 ka BP. Quaternary International 229, 47-56.
Talbot, M.R., Johannessen, T., 1992. A high resolution palaeoclimatic record for the last 27,500 years in tropical West Africa from the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of lacustrine organic matter. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 110, 23-37.
Tchilinguirian, P. and Morales, M.R., 2013. Mid-Holocene paleoenvironments in Northwestern Argentina: Main patterns and discrepancies. Quaternary International 307, 14-23.
Tseng, M.H. and Liew, P.M., 1999. A preliminary probe on sporo-pollen assemblages and paleoenvironments of the recent 20 ka in Taipei Basin. Central Geological Survey Special Publication 11, 160-179.
Thompson, L.G., Yao, T., Davis, M.E., Henderson, K.A., Mosley-Thompson, E., Lin, P.-N., Beer, J., Synal, H.-A., Cole-Dai, J., Bolzan, J.F, 1997. Tropical climate instability: The Last Glacial Cycle from a Qinghai-Tibetan Ice Core. Science 276, 1821-1825.
Unkel, I., Fernandez, M., Björck, S., Ljung, K., Wohlfarth, B., 2010. Records of environmental changes during the Holocene from Isla de los Estados (54.4°S), southeastern Tierra del Fuego. Global and Planetary 74, 99-113.
Van, D.M., Moernaut, M., Silversmit, G., Schmidt, S., Fontjin, K., Heirman, K., Vandoorne, W., De Clercq, M., Van A.A., Woolf, C., Pino, M., Urrutia, R., Roberts, S.J., Vincze, L., De Batist, M., 2014. The 600 yr eruptive history of Villarrica Volcano (Chile) revealed by annually laminated sediments. The Geological Society of America 126, 481-498.
Wang, L., Li, J., Lu, H., Gu, Z., Rioual, P., Hao, Q., Mackay, A.W., Jiang, W., Cai, B., Xu, B., Han, J., Chu G., 2012. The East Asian winter monsoon over the last 15,000 years: its links to high-latitudes and tropical climate systems and complex correlation to the summer monsoon. Quaternary Science Reviews 32, 131-142.
Wang, L.-C., Wu, J.-T., Lee, T.-Q., Lee, P.-F., Chen, S.-H., 2011. Climate changes inferred from integrated multi-site pollen data in northern Taiwan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 40, 1164-1170.
Wang, L.-C., Hermann, B., Lee, T.-Q., Li, H.-C., Huh, C.-A., Shiau, L.-J., Chen, S.-H., Wu, J.-T., 2013. Increased precipitation during the Little Ice Age in northern Taiwan inferred from diatoms and geochemistry in a sediment core from a subalpine lake. Journal of Paleolimnology 49, 619-631.
Wang, L. -C., Behling, H., Lee, T. -Q., Li, H. -C., Huh, C. -A., Shiau, L. -J., Chang, Y.-P., 2014a. Late Holocene environmental reconstructions and their implications on flood events, typhoon, and agricultural activities in NE Taiwan. Climate of the Past 10, 1857-1869.
Wang, L.-C., Behling, H., Chen, Y.-M., Huang, M.-S., Chen, C.T.A., Lou, J.-Y., Chang, Y.-P., Li, H.-C., 2014b. Holocene monsoonal climate changes tracked by multiproxy approach from a lacustrine sediment core of the subalpine Retreat Lake in Taiwan. Quaternary International 333, 69-76.
Wang, L.-C., Behling, H., Kao, S.-J., Li, H.-C., Selvaraj, K., Hsieh, M.-L., Chang, Y.-P., 2015. Late Holocene environment of subalpine northeastern Taiwan from pollen and diatom analysis of lake sediments. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 114, 447-456.
Wang, L.-C., Tang, Z.-W., Chen, H.-F., Li, H.-C., Shiau, L.-J., Huang, J.-J.S., Wei, K.-Y., Chang, C.-K., Chou, Y.-M., 2019. Late Holocene vegetation, climate, and natural disturbance records from an alpine pond in central Taiwan. Quaternary International 528, 63-72.
Wang, L.-C., Chang, Y.-P., Li, H.-C., Chen, S.-H., Wu, J.-T., Lee, T.-Q., Shiau, L.-J., 2020. Revealing the vegetation, fire and human activities in the lowland of eastern Taiwan during Late Holocene. Quaternary International 544, 32-40.
Wilhelm, B., Arnaud, F., Sabatier, P., Magand, O., Chapron, E., Courp, T., Tachikawa, K., Fanget, B., Malet, E., Pignol, C., Bard, E., Delannoy, J., 2013. Palaeoflood activity and climate change over the last 1400 years recorded by lake sediments in the north-west European Alps. Journal of Quaternary Science 28, 189-199.
Yamamoto, M., Ichikawa, Y., Igarashi, Y., Oba, T., 2005. Late Quaternary variation of lignin composition in core MD01-2421 off central Japan, NW Pacific. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 229, 179-186.
Yamori, W., Hikosaka, K., Way, D.A., 2014. Temperature response of photosynthesis in C3, C4, and CAM plants: temperature acclimation and temperature adaptation. Photosynthesis research 119, 101-117.
Yang, S., Ding, Z., Li, Y., Wang, X., Jiang, W., Huang, X., 2015. Warming-induced northwestward migration of the East Asian monsoon rain belt from the Last Glacial Maximum to the mid-Holocene. PNAS 112, 13178-13183.
Yao, T. and Thompson, L.G., 1992. Trends and features of clintatic changes in the past 5000 years recorded by the Dunde ice core. Annals of Glaciology 16, 21-24.
Zarriess, M. and Mackensen, A., 2010. The tropical rainbelt and productivity changes off northwest Africa: a 31,000-year high-resolution record. Marine Micropaleontology 76, 76-91.
Zhao, J., An, C.-B., Huang, Y., Morrill, C., Chen, F.-H., 2017. Contrasting early Holocene temperature variations between monsoonal East Asia and westerly dominated Central Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews 178, 14-23.
Ziegler, M., Lourens, L.J., Tuenter, E., Reichart, G.J., 2009. Anomalously high Arabian Sea productivity conditions during MIS 13. Climate of the Past Discussions 5, 1989-2018.
Zurdo-Pineiro, J.L., Rivas, R., Trujillo, M.E., Vizcaino, N., Carrasco, J.A., Chamber, M., Palomares, A., Mateos, P.F., Martinez-Molina, E., Velazquez, E., 2007. Ochrobactrum cytisi sp. nov., isolated from nodules of Cytisus scoparius in Spain. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, 784-788.

網路參考資料
史記，網路電子書，https://ctext.org/shiji/gao-zu-ben-ji/zh.
利泓科技有限公司，http://www.rightek.com.tw/product_detail.php?id=183.
陽明山國家公園，http://www.ymsnp.gov.tw/.
國家教育研究院，http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1327656/.
臺灣野生植物資料庫，
http://plant.tesri.gov.tw/plant100/WebPlantDetail.aspx?tno=104001010.
舊唐書，網路電子書，https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206.
https://eaglabs.com.tw/xrf.html.
https://www.chinahighlights.com/map/ancient-china-map/mongolia-terriroty-map.htm.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wentworth_scale.png.
http://www.frontier-lab.com/.
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B4%A8%E7%B4%A0.
http://yueh1.pixnet.net/blog/post/220679744%E7%A3%BA%E5%98%B4%E5%B1% B1%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%8D%80%E2%80%94%E7%BF%A0%E7%BF%A0%E8%B0%B7.