本研究目的為東沙潮間帶之白肋蜑螺與黑肋蜑螺垂直移動行為，且藉由設計實驗方法來了解黑肋蜑螺與白肋蜑螺在東沙島消波塊上下移動情形，發現兩種蜑螺皆會隨著潮水降低而下降，而當漲潮時白肋蜑螺較黑肋蜑螺平均垂直高度高了15.3 cm，退潮時高了11.8 cm，也發現在退潮時白肋蜑螺在牆面上有小尺度的垂直移動現象。針對溫度進行測驗，發現在測量當日最高溫時，白肋蜑螺空殼平均溫度較黑肋蜑螺低了六度，且自由移動組蜑螺的平均溫度顯著低於固定活體組蜑螺，且實驗牆面隨著高度上升溫度也上升，暗示溫度有可能影響蜑螺的垂直上下移動分佈；經由實驗發現蜑螺的活動與飢餓有顯著相關；在給水的環境白肋蜑螺與黑肋蜑螺的垂直高度有顯著差異。本實驗結果顯示白肋蜑螺與黑肋蜑螺垂直上下移動分佈現象是溫度、耐旱、以及攝食行為下的結果。

This study studied the vertical movement behavior of Nerita costata and N. plicata in Dongsha intertidal zone. Experimental approaches were need to test why N. costata and N. plicata move vertically on the concrete wall. We found that the vertical distribution of Nerita spp generally followes the tide. During the high tide, the average vertical height of N. plicata was 15.3 cm, higher than that of N. costata. During the low tide, the average vertical height of N. plicata was 11.8 cm, higher than that of N. costata. We tested the relationship between temperature and the vertical movement of Nerita spp. N. plicata was 6 oC, lower than that of N. costata, when they were fixed on the substrate. Meanwhile, the average temperature of free moving snails was significantly lower than that of fixed-position living snails. Besides, the mean temperature of the wall got higher as the height increased. Both substrate and snails have the same source of heat. Significantly higher activity ratio of Nerita spp was detected when snails were hungry. We also found that there was a significant difference between the vertical height of N. plicata and that of N. costata under wet condition. So far, temperature, dessication, and foraging have been found to play roles in the vertical movement of Nerita spp.

目錄
謝辭……………………………………………………………………i
中文摘要………………………………………………………………ii
英文摘要………………………………………………………………iii
目錄……………………………………………………………………v
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………vi
表目錄…………………………………………………………………vii
附表…………………………………………………………………viii
壹、前言………………………………………………………………1
貳、材料與方法………………………………………………………4
參、結果………………………………………………………………8
肆、討論………………………………………………………………11
伍、參考資料…………………………………………………………16
圖………………………………………………………………………22
表………………………………………………………………………29
附表……………………………………………………………………30

參考資料
邱郁文. (2012). 東沙島潮間帶至陸域螺貝類資源調查. 海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理，高雄.
蔡昇勳. (2013). 東沙三種潮間帶蜑螺之族群生物學研究. 中山大學海洋科學系研究所學位論文, 1-72.
Abramowitz, A. (1937). The chromatophorotropic hormone of the Crustacea: standardization, properties and physiology of the eye-stalk glands. The Biological Bulletin, 72(3), 344-365.
Alerstam, T., Hedenström, A. & Åkesson, S. (2003). Long‐distance migration: evolution and determinants. Oikos, 103(2), 247-260.
Boyle, P. (1970). Aspects of the ecology of a littoral chiton, Sypharochiton pellisekpentis (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 4(4), 364-384.
Broekhuysen, G. (1940). A preliminary investigation of the importance of desiccation, temperature, and salinity as factors controlling the vertical distribution of certain intertidal marine gastropods in False Bay, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 28(3), 255-292.
Brown, F. A. & Sandeen, M. I. (1948). Responses of the chromatophores of the fiddler crab, Uca, to light and temperature. Physiological Zoology, 21(4), 361-371.
Chapman, M. & Underwood, A. (1996). Influences of tidal conditions, temperature and desiccation on patterns of aggregation of the high-shore periwinkle, Littorina unifasciata, in New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 196(1-2), 213-237.
Cook, L. & Freeman, P. (1986). Heating properties of morphs of the mangrove snail Littoraria pallescens. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 29(4), 295-300.
Davies, P. S. (1969). Physiological ecology of Patella. III. Desiccation effects. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 49(2), 291-304.
Davies, P. S. (1970). Physiological ecology of Patella IV. Environmental and limpet body temperatures. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 50(4), 1069-1077.
Deanin, G. & Steggerda, F. (1948). Use of the spectrophotometer for measuring melanin dispersion in the frog. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 67(1), 101-104.
Denny, M. W. & Harley, C. D. (2006). Hot limpets: predicting body temperature in a conductance-mediated thermal system. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209(13), 2409-2419.
Fraenkel, G. (1968). The heat resistance of intertidal snails at Bimini, Bahamas; Ocean Springs, Mississippi; and Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Physiological Zoology, 41(1), 1-13.
Frey, M. A. (2010). The relative importance of geography and ecology in species diversification: evidence from a tropical marine intertidal snail (Nerita). Journal of Biogeography, 37(8), 1515-1528.
Gendron, R. P. (1977). Habitat selection and migratory behaviour of the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea (L.). The Journal of Animal Ecology, 79-92.
Garrity, S. D. & Levings, S. C. (1981). A predator‐prey interaction between two physically and biologically constrained tropical rocky shore gastropods: direct, indirect and community effects. Ecological Monographs, 51(3), 267-286.
Gibson, R. (2003). Go with the flow: tidal migration in marine animals Migrations and Dispersal of Marine Organisms (pp. 153-161): Springer.
Hawkins, S. (1983). Grazing of intertidal algae by marine invertebrates. Oceanography and marine biology: an annual review, 21, 195-282.
Hughes, R. (1971). Notes on the Nerita (Archaeogastropoda) populations of Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean. Marine Biology, 9(4), 290-299.
Lang, R., Britton, J. & Metz, T. (1998). What to do when there is nothing to do: the ecology of Jamaican intertidal Littorinidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) in repose. Aspects of Littorinid Biology (pp. 161-185): Springer.
Lee, S. C., & Chao, S. M. (2003). Shallow-water marine shells from northeastern Taiwan. Collection and Research, 16, 29-59.
Levings, S. C. & Garrity, S. D. (1983). Diel and tidal movement of two co-occurring neritid snails; differences in grazing patterns on a tropical rocky shore. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 67(3), 261-278.
Levings, S. C. & Garrity, S. D. (1984). Grazing patterns in Siphonaria gigas (Mollusca, Pulmonata) on the rocky Pacific coast of Panama. Oecologia, 64(2), 152-159.
Lewis, J. B. (1963). Environmental and tissue temperatures of some tropical intertidal marine animals. The Biological Bulletin, 124(3), 277-284.
Little, C. (1989). Factors governing patterns of foraging activity in littoral marine herbivorous molluscs. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 55(2), 273-284.
Mcmahon, R. F. & Russell-Hunter, W. (1977). Temperature relations of aerial and aquatic respiration in six littoral snails in relation to their vertical zonation. The Biological Bulletin, 152(2), 182-198.
McQuaid, C. D. & Scherman, P. (1988). Thermal stress in a high shore intertidal environment: morphological and behavioural adaptations of the gastropod Littorina africana Behavioral Adaptation to Intertidal Life (pp. 213-224): Springer.
Miller, L. P. & Denny, M. W. (2011). Importance of behavior and morphological traits for controlling body temperature in littorinid snails. The Biological Bulletin, 220(3), 209-223.
Pardo, L. M. & Johnson, L. E. (2004). Activity and shelter use of an intertidal snail: effects of sex, reproductive condition and tidal cycle. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 301(2), 175-191.
Reid, D. G. (1987). Natural selection for apostasy and crypsis acting on the shell colour polymorphism of a mangrove snail, Littoraria filosa (Sowerby)(Gastropoda: Littorinidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 30(1), 1-24.
Ricketts, E. F., Calvin, J., Hedgpeth, J. W. & Phillips, D. W. (1985). Between pacific tides: Stanford University Press.
Sandison, E. E. (1967). Respiratory response to temperature and temperature tolerance of some intertidal gastropods. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 1(2), 271-281.
Shirley, S. (2008). Body posturing in Nodilittorina pyramidalis and Austrolittorina unifasciata (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Littorinidae): a behavioural response to reduce heat stress. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 54(1).
Sutherland, J. P. (1970). Dynamics of high and low populations of the limpet, Acmaea scabra (Gould). Ecological Monographs, 40(2), 169-188.
Tan, S. K. & Clements, R. (2008). Taxonomy and distribution of the Neritidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Singapore. Zoological Studies, 47(4), 481-494.
Underwood, A. (1972a). Tide-model analysis of the zonation of intertidal prosobranches. II. Four species of trochids (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 9(3), 257-277.
Underwood, A. (1972b). Tide-model analysis of the zonation of intertidal prosobranchs. I. Four species of Littorina (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 9(3), 239-255.
Underwood, A. (1979). The ecology of intertidal gastropods Advances in marine biology (Vol. 16, pp. 111-210): Elsevier.
Vermeij. (1971a). Substratum relationships of some tropical Pacific intertidal gastropods. Marine Biology, 10(4), 315-320.
Vermeij. (1971b). Temperature relationships of some tropical Pacific intertidal gastropods. Marine Biology, 10(4), 308-314.
Vermeij. (1973). Morphological patterns in high-intertidal gastropods: adaptive strategies and their limitations. Marine Biology, 20(4), 319-346.
Wilkens, J. L. & Fingerman, M. (1965). Heat tolerance and temperature relationships of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, with reference to body coloration. The Biological Bulletin, 128(1), 133-141.
Wolcott, T. G. (1973). Physiological Ecology and Intertidal Zonation in Limpets (Acmaea): A Critical Look at" Limiting Factors". The Biological Bulletin, 145(2), 389-422.
Yeung, A. C. Y. & Williams, G. A. (2012). Small-scale temporal and spatial variability in foraging behaviour of the mid-shore gastropod Nerita yoldii on seasonal, tropical, rocky shores. Aquatic Biology, 16(2), 177-188.
Zann, L. (1973). Relationships between intertidal zonation and circatidal rhythmicity in littoral gastropods. Marine Biology, 18(3), 243-250.