有關解釋資通訊產品採用原因之先前研究，若要同時考慮到如科技接受模式(Technology Acceptance Model, TAM)的通用性與實務面上的準確性與產品特性，確實會有矛盾的情形。本研究提出一種新的觀點與方法，從設計的觀點去探討設計預設效能(design affordance)如何影響產品的使用，從全文脈絡的情境下，檢視設計特徵、描述性信念(descriptive beliefs)與推論式信念(inferential beliefs)的關係。本研究以虛擬實境(Virtual Reality, VR)銑削加工中心機的使用為例，分兩個階段來探索預設效能對該產品採用的影響效果。在第一個階段，主要在檢視VR銑削加工中心機的創新設計特徵如何提供給使用者在的功能上的感受。隨後，從虛擬工具機使用者介面的設計特徵誘導出兩個預設效能為基底的推論式信念 – 可視性(visibility)與可識別性(identifiability)。在第二個階段，為了探討此預設效能為基底的推論式信念與創新擴散理論變數對使用者採用虛擬工具機的影響，發展了一個理論模型以進行實證研究。

研究結果顯示可識別性對VR銑削加工中心機使用的有用性與易用性都有正向的顯著效應；而可視性對有用性顯著效應但對易用性卻無顯著效應。在創新擴散理論的變數中，只有相容性有正向的顯著效應。從預設效能觀點，本論文的研究結果不只可以彌補科技接受模式的不足，也引導出一新的研究方向；並鼓勵實務界的設計者在產品設計時，需對使用者對產品接受態度的關鍵影響因素予以考慮，以減緩設計者與使用者的分岐。本研究的貢獻在於：從預設效能的觀點下，以VR銑削加工中心機的使用為例，提出一種新的視野與方法來解釋創新設計特徵如何對產品的採用，如何地影響與產生那些影響。此外，也期望工具機製造業可藉由從設計預設效能觀點下開發使用者介面，來增進產品的易用性與可用性，以突顯產品的差異化，提升產品與服務的價值。

There is a contradiction in prior studies concerning the explanations for the causes of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) artifact adoption while preserving both the generalizability of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the accuracy and salience to practice. This research proposed a new prospective and methodology to explore how design affordance affects the usage of product based on a contextual approach to investigating the relationship among design features, functional affordance, descriptive beliefs, and inferential beliefs. A case study in this research was conducted in two phases to explore the effect of design affordance on adoption of the Virtual Reality (VR) milling machining center. In the first phase, we investigated how the VR milling machining center’s innovative design features afford user’s functional perception. Subsequently, two affordance-based beliefs – visibility and identifiability were elicited from the design features of the VR milling machining center’s user interface. In the second phase, a theoretical model was developed and empirically assessed for exploring the effects of the elicited affordance-based variables along with the innovation diffusion theory (IDT) variables on the adoption of the VR milling machining center.

Results show that the identifiability has significant positive effect on both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of the VR milling machining center’s usage. However, the effect of visibility is significant on perceived ease of use but not on perceived usefulness. Of the IDT variables, only compatibility is statistically significant.
From the affordance perspective, the research results of this paper might not only provide a feasible direction to remedy the insufficiency of TAM theory for academia but also provide practitioners with guidance to alleviate the gulf between designer and user by encouraging the designer to consider the key factors influencing user attitudes towards product adoption. This research has contributed a new vision and methodology to explain what and how innovative design features influence user’s attitudes towards the VR milling machining center’s usage based on the affordance perspective. Furthermore, it is expectable that the manufacturers of machine tools can generate the value-added product/service by ways of highlighting the product’s differentiation based on the perspective of design affordances to develop better user interfaces.

Chinese Abstract……………………………………………………………………… i
English Abstract……………………………………………………………………… ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………… iv
List of Caption for the Figures……………………………………………………… vii
List of Caption for the Tables……………………………………………………… viii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………… 1
1.1 Impact of VR technology on manufacturing and training of machine tools… 1
1.1.1 3D VR technology on manufacturing industry and machine operation training education ……………………………………………………… 1
1.1.2 Development and constraints of VR milling machining center………… 2
1.2 Technology Acceptance Model……………………………………………… 6
1.3 Affordance theory…………………………………………………………… 9
1.3.1 Definition of affordance……………………………………………… 9
1.3.2 Researches of affordances based on different perspectives and methodologies ………………………………………………………… 13
1.4 Research objectives………………………………………………………… 18

CHAPTER 2 AFFORDANCE AND ASSOCIATED BELIEFS………………… 19
2.1 Affordance and insufficiency of TAM……………………………………… 19
2.1.1 Affordance on interaction design of human and product…………… 19
2.1.2 Relationship among functional affordance and beliefs……………… 21
2.2 Elicitation of affordance-based inferential beliefs………………………… 22
2.2.1 Elicitation from functional features to inferential beliefs…………… 22
2.2.2 Elicitation of visibility beliefs………………………………………… 22
2.2.3 Elicitation of identifiability beliefs…………………………………… 23

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD AND RESEARCH MODEL…………… 27
3.1 Analysis of current operational steps on the operation panel of CNC machine tools………………………………………………………………………… 27
3.2 Development of the adopted VR milling machining center…………………30
3.3 Research model and hypotheses……………………………………… 32
3.3.1 Proposed research model…………………………………………… 32
3.3.2 Effects of visibility and identifiability on PU and PEOU……………36
3.3.3 Effects of innovative diffusion variables on attitudes………………… 38
3.3.4 Effects of PU and PEOUs on attitudes……………………………… 39

CHAPTER 4 INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SCALE VALIDATION… 41
4.1 Instrument development…………………………………………………… 41
4.2 Scale reliability and validity of pilot test …………………………………… 42

CHAPTER 5 MODEL TESTING…………………………………………………… 47
5.1 Sampling procedure and data analysis ………………………………………47
5.1.1 Sampling procedure………………………………………………… 47
5.1.2 Data analysis………………………………………………………… 48
5.2 Measurement model………………………………………………………… 49
5.3 Structural model…………………………………………………………… 55

CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS…………………………… 58
6.1. Effects of affordance-based variables ……………………………………… 58
6.2. Effects of innovative diffusion variables…………………………………… 59
6.3. Effects of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use…………………60

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION………………………………………………… 62
7.1 Theoretical and practical contributions……………………………………… 62
7.2 Limitations and future research……………………………………………… 62
References……………………………………………………………………………64
Appendix: Measures………………………………………………………………… 76

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