本研究以妒羨（Envy）之觀點，來探討員工在產生特質妒羨時，與尋求回饋行為之間的關係，並探討妒羨具有後設特質的存在後，與目標導向的三項構面（學習、證明、逃避）的中介效果，是否會進而影響尋求回饋行為，最後進一步探討知覺主管支持、職場友誼是否會調節妒羨與目標導向間的關係，進而產生調節式中介效果。
本研究以台灣地區現職工作者為受測對象，一共發出350份，共回收303份，無效問卷1份，有效問卷302份，有效回收率為87%。研究結果顯示：（1）妒羨與尋求回饋行為不具有顯著關係：說明妒羨與尋求回饋行為不具有直接的相關性；（2）學習目標導向與妒羨及尋求回饋行為具有顯著的中介效果：證明說員工透過妒羨的後設特質，能夠提升其學習目標導向，進而影響尋求回饋行為；（3）逃避目標導向與妒羨及尋求回饋行為具有顯著的中介效果：顯示出員工的特質妒羨的後設特質，能夠影響逃避目標導向，並改變尋求回饋行為；（4）職場友誼在妒羨、學習目標導向與尋求回饋行為中具有中介式調節效果：透過職場友誼能夠調節員工的妒羨與學習目標導向間的關係，最後影響尋求回饋行為。本研究會透過本文的理論依據與管理意涵，加以討論之。

This study uses Envy's point of view to explore the relationship between dispositional envy and feedback-seeking behavior, and to explore the meta-personality of envy. Through the three dimension of goal orientation’s (learning, prove, avoid) mediated effect on feedback-seeking behavior. Perceived supervisor support and workplace friendship whether moderation the relationship between envy and goal orientation, further effect on mediated moderation.
In this study, the current workforce authors in Taiwan were selected as subjects, issued 350 questionnaires, a total of 303 were returned, 1 invalid questionnaire, and 302 valid questionnaires. The effective rate was 87%. The results show that: (1) There is no significant relationship between envy and feedback-seeking behavior: there is no direct correlation between envy and feedback-seeking behavior; (2) Learning goal orientation, envy and feedback-seeking behavior have significant mediating effects: Proof that employees can improve their learning goal orientation through the meta-personality of envy which in turn affects the feedback-seeking behavior; (3) Avoid goal orientation, envy and feedback-seeking behavior have significant mediating effects: showing the meta-personality of envy can influence avoid goal orientation. Through to improve feedback-seeking behavior; (4) Workplace friendship has the mediated moderation effect in envy, learning goal orientation and feedback-seeking behavior: through workplace friendship, the relationship between employee's envy and learning goal orientation can be adjusted. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are also discussed in this study.

論文審定書 i
致謝 ii
摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目錄 v
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 viii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與目的 1
第二節 研究流程 5
第二章 文獻探討 7
第一節 妒羨（ENVY）的意涵 7
第二節 妒羨的經驗及種類 10
第三節 後設特質 13
第四節 目標導向 14
第五節 尋求回饋行為 18
第六節 知覺主管支持 22
第七節 職場友誼 24
第三章 研究方法 28
第一節 研究架構與假設 28
第二節 對象與施測程序 29
第三節 研究變數衡量 31
第四節 資料分析方法 34
第四章 研究結果 37
第一節 各變項之描述性統計與其相關性 37
第二節 妒羨對尋求回饋行為之影響與目標導向之中介作用 41
第三節 知覺主管支持在妒羨、目標導向與尋求回饋行為之中介式調節效果 44
第四節 職場友誼在妒羨、目標導向與尋求回饋行為之中介式調節效果 51
第五章 研究結論與管理意涵 58
第一節 研究結論與結果討論 58
第二節 管理意涵 63
第三節 研究限制 65
第四節 未來研究建議 66
參考文獻 68
附錄 78

一、中文部分
方瑗婷(2013)，人力資源措施、組織認同、情緒勞務、一線員工工作滿意度、知覺主管支持之研究:以餐飲業一線員工為研究對象(未出版之碩士論文)。國立成功大學，台南。
王怡欽(2014)。目標導向對助人行為、求助行為及員工績效之影響(為出版碩士論文)。國立成功大學，台南。
古思婕(2017)。見賢思齊或嫉賢妒能﹖探討良性與惡性妒羨與任務績效、人際反生產力行為的關係：個人目標導向、競爭心理氣候及團隊規模的干擾效果(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中山大學，高雄。
李如姍(2010)。回饋尋求行為、溝通氣候與工作滿意關係之跨層次研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國防大學，桃園。
汪明顯(2017)，台灣機械業員工工作要求與工作倦怠之關聯-主管支持的調節效果(未出版之碩士論文)。私立亞洲大學，台中。
周慧珍、羅新興、許金田(民94)，「個體成就動機與工作負荷量對知覺主管支持與離職傾向關係的干擾作用」，清雲科技大學第二屆企業經營管理研討會論文集，桃園。
姚思羽(2017)。主管與部屬關係交換品質與尋求回饋行為關聯性之研究-權力距離之調節效果(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中央大學，桃園。
紀乃文(2014)。情緒勞動對組織是利是弊？探討知覺主管支持、同事支持對情緒勞動與服務績效、離職傾向關係的干擾效果。組織與管理；7:1，p115-160。
高雅萍(2016)。國小代理教師人格特質、職場友誼、組織公平與組織公民行為之關係研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中山大學，高雄。
梁進龍(2005)。職場友誼與員工創造力關係之研究(未出版之碩士論文)，中國文化大學，台北。
郭逸君(2012)。員工目標導向、創造性自我效能創造性績效：組織創新氣候知覺的調節效果(未出版之碩士論文)。國立台灣大學，台北。
陳錦輝、黃毓華、杜佩蘭、黃英忠(2010)，個人目標導向與工作成效關係之研究－主管行為的調節作用，第六屆海峽兩岸組織行為與人才開發學術研討會，國立中正大學，嘉義。
寒心(2003)。嫉妒心理學。出版，高雄市 : 宏文館出版 ; 臺北縣汐止市 : 永續發行。
黃郁雯(2009)。員工尋求回饋行為與工作績效關係之研究-以目標承諾、目標明確為中介變項(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄應用科技大學，高雄。
黃灩(2013)。妒羨同事會降低工作績效表現嗎？ 自我效能、職場友誼與知覺主管支持的干擾效果(未出版之碩士論文)，國立彰化師範大學，彰化。
蔡旻秀、杜文禮(2012)，「知覺主管支持對員工自我發展之影響」，華人前瞻研究，華人前瞻研究；9卷2期，P29 - 51 。
鄭梧棻(2016)。虛擬團隊成員的目標導向對績效之影響：以成員互動為調節變項(未出版之碩士論文)。私立銘傳大學，台北。
二、英文部分
Aron, E. N., Aron, A., & Jagiellowicz, J. (2012). Sensory Processing Sensitivity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(3), 262–282.
Ashford S J, Blatt R, VandeWalle D. Reflections on the Looking Glass: A Review of Research on Feedback-Seeking Behavior in Organizations[J]. Journal of Management, 2003, 29( 6): 773-799
Ashford, S. J. (1986). FEEDBACK-SEEKING IN INDIVIDUAL ADAPTATION: A RESOURCES PERSPECTIVE. Academy of Management Journal, 29(3), 465–487.
Ashford, S. J., & Cummings, L. L. (1983). Feedback as an individual resource: Personal strategies of creating information. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32(3), 370–398.
ASHFORD, S. J., & CUMMINGS, L. L. (1985). Proactive feedback seeking: The instrumental use of the information environment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 58(1), 67–79.
Ashford, S. J., & Northcraft, G. B. 1992. Conveying more(or less) than we realize: The role of impression management in feedback seeking. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 53 310 334.
Ashford, S. J., & Tsui, A. S. 1991. Self regulation for managerial effectiveness: The role of active feedback seeking. Academy of Management Journal , 34 251 280.
Allport, G.W. (1937). Personality. A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt.
Berman E.M., West J, P., & Richter M.N. (2002). Workplace relationships: friendship patterns and consequences (according to managers), Public Administration, 63(2)-230
Berman, E. M., West, J. P., & Richter, Jr., M. N. (2002). Workplace Relations: Friendship Patterns and Consequences (According to Managers). Public Administration Review, 62(2), 217–230.
Boyce, W. T. (2015). Differential Susceptibility of the Developing Brain to Contextual Adversity and Stress. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 142–162.
Chen, Z., Lam, W., & Zhong, J. A. 2007. Leader Member exchange and member perform ance: A new look at individual level negative feedback seeking behavior and team level empowerment climate. Journal of Applied Psychological , 92, 202 212.
Cohen-Charash, Y. (2009). Episodic Envy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(9), 2128–2173.
Dispositional greed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 917–933.
Duffy, M. K., & Shaw, J. D. (2000). The Salieri Syndrome. Small Group Research, 31(1), 3–23.
Duffy, M. K., Shaw, J. D., & Schaubroeck, J. M. (2008). Envy in organizational life. In R. H. Smith (Ed.), Series in affective science. Envy: Theory and research (pp. 167-189). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.
DUNN, J. R., & SCHWEITZER, M. E. (2004). TOO GOOD TO BE TRUSTED? RELATIVE PERFORMANCE, ENVY AND TRUST. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2004(1), B1–B6.
Fedor, D. B., rensvold, R. B., & adams, S. M. (1992). An investigation of factors expected to affect feedback seeking: a longitudinal field study. Personnel Psychology, 45(4), 779–802.
Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Schure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 212–228.
HARELI, S., & PARKINSON, B. (2008). What’s Social About Social Emotions? Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 38(2), 131–156. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.2008.00363.x
Konnikova, M. (2015). Can envy be good for you. The NewYorker.
Kottke, J. L., & Sharafinski, C. E. (1988). Measuring Perceived Supervisory and Organizational Support. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48(4), 1075–1079.
Lange, J., & Crusius, J. (2015). Dispositional envy revisited: Unraveling the motivational dynamics of benign and malicious envy.
Lange, J., Blatz, L., & Crusius, J. (2018). Dispositional envy: A conceptual review. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), SAGE Handbook of personality and individual differences. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Lewis, G. J., Cox, S. R., Booth, T., Muñoz Maniega, S., Royle, N. A., Valdés Hernández, M., Deary, I. J. (2016). Trait conscientiousness and the personality meta-trait stability are associated with regional white matter microstructure. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(8), 1255–1261.
Mao, H. Y. (2006 ). The relationship between organizational level and workplace friendship. International Journal of Human Resource Management , 17 (10), 1819 1833.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J.-A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112–127.
Milfont T.L., Gouveia V.V. (2014) Brazil, Satisfaction with Life Scale Survey Results. In: Michalos A.C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer, Dordrecht
Nielsen, I. K., Jex, S. M., & Adams, G. A. (2000).Development and valid ation of scores on a two dimensional workplace friendship scale. Educational and Psychology Measurement , 60 (4), 628 643.
Nunnally, J.C., Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychological theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Mc:Graw-Hill.
Parks, C. D., Rumble, A. C., & Posey, D. C. (2002). The effects of envy on reciprocation in a social dilemma. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 509–520.
Parrott, W. G., & Smith, R. H. (1993). Distinguishing the experiences of envy and jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(6), 906–920.
Preacher, K., Rucker, D., & Hayes, A. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42,185–227.
Rentzsch, K., Schröder-Abé, M., & Schütz, A. (2015). Envy mediates the relation between low academic self-esteem and hostile tendencies. Journal of Research in Personality, 58, 143–153.
Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 825–836. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.825
Salovey, P., & Rodin, J. (1984). Some antecedents and consequences of social-comparison jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(4), 780–792.
Schaubroeck, J., & Lam, S. S. (2004). Comparing lots before and after: Promotion rejectees’ invidious reactions to promotees. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94(1), 33–47.
Seuntjens, T. G., Zeelenberg, M., Van de Ven, N., & Breugelmans, S. M. (2015).
Shafur, M. A, Kienzle, R. & Rodwell, J. J., (1999). The The relationship between organization climate and employee perceptions of involvement. Group & Organization Management, 24(4), 479-503.
Sia, P.M., Heath, R. G., Perry, T., Silva, D., & Fix, B. (2004). Narratives of workplace friendship deterioration. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(3), 321-340.
Sias, P. M., Smith, G., & Avdeyeva, T. (2003). Sex and sex-composition differences and similarities in peer workplace friendship development. Communication Studies, 54(3), 322-340.
Silver, M., & Sabini, J. (1978). The Perception of Envy. Social Psychology, 41(2), 105. doi:10.2307/3033570
SILVER, M., & SABINI, J. (1978). The Social Construction of Envy. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 8(3), 313–332.
Smith, R. H. (2004). Envy and Its Transmutations. In L. Z. Tiedens & C. W. Leach (Eds.), Studies in emotion and social interaction. The social life of emotions (pp. 43-63). New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press.
Smith, R. H., & Kim, S. H. (2007). Comprehending envy. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 46–64.
Smith, R. H., Kim, S. H., & Parrott, W. G. (1988). Envy and Jealousy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14(2), 401–409.
Smith, R. H., Parrott, W. G., Diener, E. F., Hoyle, R. H., & Kim, S. H. (1999). Dispositional Envy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 1007–1020.
Smith, R. H., Turner, T. J., Garonzik, R., Leach, C. W., Urch-Druskat, V., & Weston, C. M. (1996). Envy and Schadenfreude. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(2), 158–168.
Spector, Paul E., & Fox, Suzy. (2002). An emotion centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavi or. Human Resource Management Review , 12 (2), 269.
Stamps, J., & Groothuis, T. G. G. (2010). The development of animal personality: relevance, concepts and perspectives. Biological Reviews, 85(2), 301–325.
Tai, K., Narayanan, J., & McAllister, D. J. (2012). Envy As Pain: Rethinking the Nature of Envy and Its Implications for Employees and Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 107–129.
Van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2009). Leveling up and down: The experiences of benign and malicious envy. Emotion, 9(3), 419–429.
VandeWalle, D. (2003). A goal orientation model of feedback-seeking behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 13(4), 581–604.
VandeWalle, D., Ganesan, S., Challagalla, G. N., & Brown, S. P. (2000). An integrated model of feedback-seeking behavior: Disposition, context, and cognition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 996–1003.
VandeWalle, D., Ganesan, S., Challagalla, G. N., & Brown, S. P. (2000). An integrated model of feedback-seeking behavior: Disposition, context, and cognition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 996–1003.
Vecchio, R. (2005). Explorations in employee envy: Feeling envious and feeling envied. Cognition & Emotion, 19(1), 69–81.
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82-111.
Xiang, Y., Kong, F., Wen, X., Wu, Q., & Mo, L. (in press). Neural correlates of envy: Regional homogeneity of resting-state brain activity predicts dispositional envy. NeuroImage.
Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths about Mediation Analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206.