「團隊」是企業中相當常見的運作模式，團隊運作中會產生團隊向心力，團隊向心力會對團隊績效有正向影響。然而團隊向心力會受各式各樣的外在因素與內在因素影響，從領導者的風格、團隊成員的組成、企業文化到彼此間的交互作用等，任一環節出錯就容易造成團隊向心力的破壞。
鑑於過去團隊向心力相關研究，研究對象多聚焦於「運動團隊」，缺少對企業工作團隊的著墨，因此本文以「工作團隊」為研究對象，採用質性研究方法，訪談A個案公司中的五個團隊，每個團隊各訪談一位團隊成員及一位團隊領導者，利用團體動力學的理論，探討領導者特質、知識分享的氛圍、團隊成員特質(成員多樣化)對團隊向心力的影響及工作團隊運作成功及失敗的因素。
研究結果發現團隊向心力的影響因素以領導者影響最多，但還是要以團隊成員特質為主因地制宜，另外研究還發現領導的思維需要轉換，從以前只論工作績效，到現在需要花心思關心員工、了解員工，才能使員工願意留在團隊好好打拼。在團隊運作過程，發現團隊氣氛的影響比想像中大，團隊氣氛也有賴領導者經營，好的團隊氣氛可以使領導者與成員具備同理心及換位思考，可以使團隊運作更順暢。團隊運作的輸出機制中除了向心力的凝聚，成員本身的成長及團隊的問題解決也是團隊運作會出現的議題。至於團隊向心力在工作團隊的運作結果，可以提高自發性及正面情緒進而提高工作動力，成員會自然而然努力積極工作，重要性不容小覷。
經本研究驗證結果工作團隊的運作與團體動力學理論相符。期能帶給企業欲提高工作團隊向心力一些實務策略，以解決團隊向心力所帶來的負面影響，有效率的提升團隊效能及增進團隊績效。

"Team" is a relatively common mode of operation in the enterprise. Team operation produces team cohesion, and team cohesion positively affects team effectiveness. However, team cohesion would be affected by a variety of external factors and internal factors such as leadership style, team composition, corporate culture, and an interaction between each other.
Most research on team cohesion has been devoted to the “sports team” with few studies related to the enterprise work team. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore how the team works in an enterprise with qualitative research methods, interviews with five teams in A company. Each team contains one team member and one team leader. We explore the leadership style, knowledge sharing, team members diversity on team cohesion with Group Dynamics theory, and the factors of success and failure of the work team operation.
The research results show that leadership style has the most influence on team cohesion, but it is still affected by the team member’s personality and enterprise culture. In addition, the research also found that leadership thinking by focusing on performance needs to be changed. Team leaders and members believe that it is essential to care about employees and understand the personality of members. So that the employees are willing to stay in the team and work hard. In the process of team operation, it is found that the influence of team atmosphere is greater than imagined. The team atmosphere also depends on the management of a leader. A good team atmosphere can naturally make leaders and members have empathy, which can make team operations more smoothly. In addition to the cohesion in the output mechanism of team operation, employee development and problem-solving skills are also issues when the team operates. Team cohesion can increase spontaneity and positive emotions, thereby increasing work motivation and let employees be hardworking.
According to the research results, the operation of the work team is consistent with the theory of group dynamics. This research expects to bring enterprises some practical strategies to improve team cohesion of the work team, to solve the negative impact of team cohesion, effectively increase team effectiveness and team performance.

論文審定書 i
誌謝 iii
摘要 iv
Abstract v
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第三節 研究流程 4

第二章　文獻探討 5
第一節 團隊運作相關研究 5
第二節 團隊向心力相關研究 7
第三節 領導者特質相關研究 8
第四節 成員特質相關研究 11
第五節 知識分享相關研究 12

第三章　研究方法 13
第一節 研究架構 13
第二節 研究方法 14
第三節 個案選擇 16
第四節 資料蒐集 18
第五節 研究倫理 21

第四章　個案分析與研究發現 22
第一節 團隊主管對團隊向心力運作之探討 22
第二節 團隊成員對團隊向心力運作之探討 35
第三節 研究發現 46

第五章　結論與建議 50
第一節 研究結論 50
第二節 研究建議 61
第三節 研究限制 62
參考文獻 63

附錄：研究邀請函 69
附錄：受訪者背景資料表 70
附錄：研究錄音同意函 71
附錄：甲逐字稿（團隊領導者）72
附錄：乙逐字稿（團隊成員） 76
附錄：丙逐字稿（團隊領導者）82
附錄：丁逐字稿（團隊成員） 87
附錄：戊逐字稿（團隊領導者）89
附錄：己逐字稿（團隊成員） 92
附錄：庚逐字稿（團隊領導者) 94
附錄：辛逐字稿（團隊成員) 95
附錄：壬逐字稿（團隊領導者) 96
附錄：癸逐字稿（團隊成員) 102

2014年A公司企業社會責任報告書. (2015).
方世煌. (2002). 虛擬團隊之團隊結構, 團隊運作與知識分享相關性之研究.
王貞媛. (2016). 彈性生產, 以台灣扣件產業為例.
王嘉珍. (2009). 知識團隊之成員多樣化與團隊績效之研究—團隊認知及知識整合之中介效果. National Central University,
王麗觀. (2015). 理財專員正負向情緒影響績效之研究-以團隊凝聚力為中介變數.
任迎偉. (2019). 社會網路關係強度視角下的創業行為研究: 財經錢線.
李廼澔. (2018). 百年飯桌：吃飯不讀書，踩雷徒傷悲！鞭神老師的常民美食研究室: 寫樂文化有限公司.
李郁文. (1998). 團體動力學: 群體動力的理論與實務: 桂冠圖書股份有限公司.
沈緯鈞、李濟仲與廖主民. (2014). 運動團隊默契的概念化. 體育學報, 47(2), 205-220.
林幼萍. (2010). 認知學習與團體動力對團隊運動發展之探討-以啦啦隊為例. 中華體育季刊, 24(2), 74-82.
林金定, 嚴嘉楓, & 陳美花. (2005). 質性研究方法: 訪談模式與實施步驟分析. 身心障礙研究季刊, 3(2), 122-136.
邱家彥. (2005). 轉換型領導, 團隊異質性及團隊衝突與團隊學習關係之探討: 團隊行為整合之中介角色.
邱淑妙. (2006). 團隊人格特質, 轉換型領導與團隊效能之關係探討: 團隊凝聚力之中介角色.
柯嚴賀. (2007). 國民小學團體動力, 組織價值, 組織創新與學校效能關係之研究—以高雄市為例.
徐西森. (2011). 團體動力與團體輔導 (Vol. 21099): 心理出版社.
張琪. (2008). 領導型態, 組織氣氛與團隊凝聚力之研究-以臺北縣政府體育處體育志工隊為例.
許士軍. (2000). 走向創新時代的組織績效評估. 天下文化哈佛商業評論-績效評估導讀, 第 3-9 頁.
陳蓁琬, & 劉敏熙. (2011). 承諾型人力資源管理實務, 團隊凝聚力, 合作組織氣候對員工知識分享行為的影響. 第 14 屆科際整合管理研討會, 183-199.
曾武清, & 鍾珮琦. (2003). 網路媒介與集體記憶: 從台灣棒球史中的 [龍魂不滅] 談起.
黃怡豪. (2002). 個人與組織契合組織信任知識分享意願及知識分享結果關係之實證研究--以 IC 產業為例. In: 雲林科技大學企業管理系碩士班碩士論文.
黃誌宏. (2011). 以團體評估探討線上遊戲團隊對抗之配對平衡. 交通大學多媒體工程研究所學位論文(2011 年), 1-74.
楊志鴻、廖妤珮與黃娟娟. (2010). 國中排球選手知覺教練領導行爲與團隊凝聚力之研究. 排球教練科學(15), 15-21.
楊極東. (1992). 團體輔導: 理論與實務: 五南圖書出版公司.
趙西萍、楊揚與辛欣. (2008). 團隊能力, 组織信任與團隊績效的關係研究. 科學學與科學技術管理, 29(3), 155-159.
劉淑慧與王惠民. (1995). 實用運動心理問答.
蔡宜珊. (2012). 護理人員正負向情感, 團體凝聚力, 工作投入與離職傾向之探討. 長庚大學,
鍾沛宏. (2007). 台灣中小企業福利制度實施現狀及福利委外意願調查. 中央大學人力資源管理研究所學位論文, 1-95.
羅凱揚, & 蘇宇暉. (2018, Apr 6, 2018). 淺談資料類型 — 初級資料與次級資料. Retrieved from https://medium.com/marketingdatascience/%E6%B7%BA%E8%AB%87%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B-%E5%88%9D%E7%B4%9A%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E8%88%87%E6%AC%A1%E7%B4%9A%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99-1699e3d29898
Alchian, A. A., & Demsetz, H. (1972). Production, information costs, and economic organization. The American economic review, 62(5), 777-795.
Antonuccio, D. O., Davis, C., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Breckenridge, J. S. (1987). Therapist variables related to cohesiveness in a group treatment for depression. Small Group Behavior, 18(4), 557-564.
Babbie, E. R. (1998). The practice of social research: International Thomson Publishing Services.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986, 23-28.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations: Collier Macmillan.
Beal, D. J., Cohen, R. R., Burke, M. J., & McLendon, C. L. (2003). Cohesion and performance in groups: a meta-analytic clarification of construct relations. Journal of applied psychology, 88(6), 989.
Bernhut, S. (2002). DEPARTMENTS-LEADER'S EDGE-Corporate social responsibility, with Pratima Bansal. Ivey Business Journal, 66(4), 18-19.
Bock, G.-W., Zmud, R. W., Kim, Y.-G., & Lee, J.-N. (2005). Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate. MIS quarterly, 87-111.
Bostrom, R. P. (1989). Successful application of communication techniques to improve the systems development process. Information & Management, 16(5), 279-295.
Brawley, L. R., Carron, A. V., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1987). Assessing the cohesion of teams: Validity of the Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(3), 275-294.
Budge, S. (1981). Group cohesiveness reexamined. Group, 5(1), 10-18.
Burns, J. (1978). MacGregor. Leadership. In: Harper and Row New York.
Cabrera, A., Collins, W. C., & Salgado, J. F. (2006). Determinants of individual engagement in knowledge sharing. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(2), 245-264.
Campion, M. A., Medsker, G. J., & Higgs, A. C. (1993). Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness: Implications for designing effective work groups. Personnel psychology, 46(4), 823-847.
Carron, A. V. (1982). Cohesiveness in sport groups: Interpretations and considerations. Journal of Sport psychology, 4(2).
Carron, A. V., Brawley, L. R., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1998). The measurement of cohesiveness in sport groups. Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement, 23(7), 213-226.
Cartwright, D., & Zander, A. (1968). Group dynamics.
Chih-Chien, W. (2004). The influence of ethical and self-interest concerns on knowledge sharing intentions among managers: An empirical study. International Journal of Management, 21(3), 370.
Connelly, C. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2003). Predictors of employees’ perceptions of knowledge sharing cultures. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Courneya, K. S., & Carron, A. V. (1992). The home advantage in sport competitions: a literature review. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14(1).
Cox, T. H., & Blake, S. (1991). Managing cultural diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness. Academy of Management Perspectives, 5(3), 45-56.
Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative research and research design: Choosing among five traditions. London: Thousand Oaks.
Dansereau Jr, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational behavior and human performance, 13(1), 46-78.
Dixon, N. M. (2000). Common knowledge: How companies thrive by sharing what they know: Harvard Business School Press.
Dubrin, A. (1998). Effective leadership behaviours and attitudes. Leadership, Research Findings, Practice and Skills, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 80-103.
Eccles, D. W., & Tenenbaum, G. (2004). Why an expert team is more than a team of experts: A social-cognitive conceptualization of team coordination and communication in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(4), 542-560.
Fiedler, F. E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness: McGraw-Hill.
Fullan, M. (2002). The role of leadership in the promotion of knowledge management in schools. Teachers and Teaching, 8(3), 409-419.
Gibb, C. A., Lindzey, G., & Aronson, E. (1954). Handbook of social psychology. Cambridge, MA: Addison Wesley. Goldring, L.(2002). The power of school culture. Leadership, 32(2), 32-35.
Goodman, P. S., Ravlin, E., & Schminke, M. (1987). Understanding groups in organizations. Research in organizational behavior.
Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective.
Hansen, M. T., Nohria, N., & Tierney, T. (1999). What’s your strategy for managing knowledge. The knowledge management yearbook 2000–2001, 77(2), 106-116.
Harari, O. (2002). The leadership secrets of Colin Powell: McGraw Hill Professional.
Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1969). Life cycle theory of leadership. Training & Development Journal.
Hislop, D. (2002). Mission impossible? Communicating and sharing knowledge via information technology. Journal of information Technology, 17(3), 165-177.
Holland, B. K. (1989). Motivation and job satisfaction. Journal of Property Management, 54(5), 32-37.
Hollingshead, A. B. (1996). Information suppression and status persistence in group decision making: The effects of communication media. Human Communication Research, 23(2), 193-219.
House, R. J., & Aditya, R. N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership: Quo vadis? Journal of management, 23(3), 409-473.
Howie, P. W., Forsyth, J. S., Ogston, S. A., Clark, A., & Florey, C. (1990). Protective effect of breast feeding against infection. British medical journal, 300(6716), 11-16.
Jackson, S., May, K., Whitney, K., Guzzo, R., & Salas, E. (1995). Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations. In (pp. 204-226): San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Jackson, S. E., May, K. E., Whitney, K., Guzzo, R., & Salas, E. (1995). Understanding the dynamics of diversity in decision-making teams. Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations, 204, 261.
Kessels, J. W., & Poell, R. F. (2004). Andragogy and social capital theory: The implications for human resource development. Advances in developing human resources, 6(2), 146-157.
Kozlowski, S. W., & Ilgen, D. R. (2006). Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams. Psychological science in the public interest, 7(3), 77-124.
Lewin, K. (1936). A dynamic theory of personality: Selected papers. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 84(5), 612-613.
Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics: II. Channels of group life; social planning and action research. Human relations, 1(2), 143-153.
Lewin, K., Dembo, T., Festinger, L., & Sears, P. S. (1944). Level of aspiration.
Lewin, K., Lippett, R., & White, R. (1960). Leader Behavior and Member Reaction in three social climates. Group Dynamics: Research and Theory,(2nd ed), eds. D. Cartwright and A. Zander Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson & Company.
Libby, R., Trotman, K. T., & Zimmer, I. (1987). Member variation, recognition of expertise, and group performance. Journal of applied psychology, 72(1), 81.
Liden, R. C., & Graen, G. (1980). Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 23(3), 451-465.
Liebowitz, J., & Chen, Y. (2001). Developing knowledge-sharing proficiencies. Knowledge Management Review, 3, 12-15.
Lin, H. F., & Lee, G. G. (2004). Perceptions of senior managers toward knowledge‐sharing behaviour. Management decision.
Littlepage, G. E., Cowart, L., & Kerr, B. (1989). Relationships between group environment scales and group performance and cohesion. Small Group Behavior, 20(1), 50-61.
Littlepage, G. E., & Silbiger, H. (1992). Recognition of expertise in decision-making groups: Effects of group size and participation patterns. Small Group Research, 23(3), 344-355.
Lundy, J. L. (1990). Lead, follow, or get out of the way: Invaluable insights into leadership style: Slawson Communications, Inc.
Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (1998). Intergroup relations: Insights from a theoretically integrative approach. Psychological review, 105(3), 499.
Mannix, E., & Neale, M. A. (2005). What differences make a difference? The promise and reality of diverse teams in organizations. Psychological science in the public interest, 6(2), 31-55.
Maslow, A. H. (1965). Eupsychian management: A journal: RD Irwin Homewood, IL.
McDermott, R., & O’dell, C. (2001). Overcoming cultural barriers to sharing knowledge. Journal of knowledge management.
McGrath, J. E. (1964). Social psychology: A brief introduction: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Milliken, F. J., & Martins, L. L. (1996). Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of management review, 21(2), 402-433.
Nieswiadomy, M., & Cobb, S. L. (1993). Impact of pricing structure selectivity on urban water demand. Contemporary Economic Policy, 11(3), 101-113.
Owens, B. P., & Hekman, D. R. (2016). How does leader humility influence team performance? Exploring the mechanisms of contagion and collective promotion focus. Academy of Management Journal, 59(3), 1088-1111.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods: SAGE Publications, inc.
Porter, M. E. (1997). Competitive strategy. Measuring business excellence.
Powell, C. (2012). It Worked for Me (Enhanced Edition): In Life and Leadership: Harper Collins.
Robbins, S. P. (1993). Organizational Behavior: A Managerial and Organizational Perspective: Prentice-Hall.
Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organisational behaviour: global and Southern African perspectives: Pearson South Africa.
Robbins, T. L. (1994). Meaningfulness and community in the classroom: The role of teamwork in business education. Journal of Education for Business, 69(6), 312-316.
Rycroft, R. W., & Kash, D. E. (2002). Path dependence in the innovation of complex technologies. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 14(1), 21-35.
Ryu, S., Ho, S. H., & Han, I. (2003). Knowledge sharing behavior of physicians in hospitals. Expert Systems with applications, 25(1), 113-122.
Schippers, M. C., Den Hartog, D. N., Koopman, P. L., & Wienk, J. A. (2003). Diversity and team outcomes: The moderating effects of outcome interdependence and group longevity and the mediating effect of reflexivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 24(6), 779-802.
Shaw, J. B., & Barrett-Power, E. (1998). The effects of diversity on small work group processes and performance. Human relations, 51(10), 1307-1325.
Shonk, J. H. (1982). Working in teams: A practical manual for improving work groups: Amacom.
Srivastava, A., Bartol, K. M., & Locke, E. A. (2006). Empowering leadership in management teams: Effects on knowledge sharing, efficacy, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49(6), 1239-1251.
Stainback, S., & Stainback, W. (1984). Methodological considerations in qualitative research. Journal of the Association for persons with Severe handicaps, 9(4), 296-303.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research: sage.
Stake, R. E., Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (1998). Strategies of qualitative inquiry. Case studies.
Stake, R. E., Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. SAGE, Londres.
Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Organizational identity: A reader, 56, 65.
Tannenbaum, R., & Schmidt, W. H. (1973). How to choose a leadership pattern. Harvard business review.
Tsai, W. (2002). Social structure of “coopetition” within a multiunit organization: Coordination, competition, and intraorganizational knowledge sharing. Organization science, 13(2), 179-190.
Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4), 464-476.
Tutty, L. M., Rothery, M. A., & Grinnell, R. M. (1996). Qualitative research for social workers: Phases, steps, & tasks: Allyn and Bacon.
Walker, S. (2017). The Captain Class: A New Theory of Leadership: Random House.
Watson, W. E., Kumar, K., & Michaelsen, L. K. (1993). Cultural diversity's impact on interaction process and performance: Comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 590-602.
Wegner, D. M. (1987). Transactive memory: A contemporary analysis of the group mind. In Theories of group behavior (pp. 185-208): Springer.
Wegner, D. M., Giuliano, T., & Hertel, P. T. (1985). Cognitive interdependence in close relationships. In Compatible and incompatible relationships (pp. 253-276): Springer.
West, M. A., & Anderson, N. R. (1996). Innovation in top management teams. Journal of applied psychology, 81(6), 680.
Williams, K. Y., & O'Reilly III, C. A. (1998). Demography and. Research in organizational behavior, 20, 77-140.
Yalom, I. D. (1995). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy: Basic books (AZ).
Zaccaro, S. J. (1991). Nonequivalent associations between forms of cohesiveness and group-related outcomes: Evidence for multidimensionality. The Journal of Social Psychology, 131(3), 387-399.
Zárraga, C., & Bonache, J. (2003). Assessing the team environment for knowledge sharing: an empirical analysis. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(7), 1227-1245.
Zenger, M. (1995). Working: Personal Leadership Skills. In: San Jose: Zenger–Miller Inc.