近幾年在社群媒體中，臉書出現許多傳播負能量的厭世貼文，內容以實際生活中的負面情緒為出發點，如《每天來點負能量》、《消極男子》，以帶有負面情緒的語錄穿上幽默的外衣訴說對現實生活的無奈，引起網友熱烈迴響，甚至出現了「厭世文化」商機，這些厭世貼文成為許多人釋放壓力的另外一種方式。因此本研究目的在於了解厭世貼文對閱聽人同理心、幸福感和參與感的影響，並討論厭世貼文中的插圖類型和自戀人格的干擾作用。
　　本研究採4（厭世貼文：親和型幽默vs.自我增強型幽默vs. 攻擊型幽默vs. 自我挫敗型幽默）x2（插圖類型：可愛vs. 悲傷）x2（自戀人格：顯性vs. 隱性）之實驗設計，共招募648位千禧世代受測者。分析結果顯示，厭世貼文對參與感和同理心有顯著影響，不同幽默類型厭世貼文對參與感和同理心會有差異影響，進一步發現厭世貼文背後的不同類型幽默效果所引起之同理心和參與感有不同程度的差異：親和型幽默、自我增強型幽默和自我挫敗型幽默的厭世貼文，在引起閱聽人同理心和參與感上有較佳的效果。同理心能部分中介厭世貼文對參與感的影響，以及自戀人格與厭世貼文在引起同理心上有顯著交互作用，發現隱性自戀人格比顯性自戀人格在觀看厭世貼文時，能引起較多的同理心。本研究結果拓展了社群媒體中有關厭世貼文、幽默效果和自戀研究的範疇，最後，本研究針對相關厭世貼文創作者、社群媒體經營者和業者，提出相關實務建議。

In recent years, the Misanthropy post which content is based on expressing the negative affect in real life is popular with young people on Facebook. The Misanthropy post with the humor effect becomes a way for people to release stress and makes people gain empathy. In marketing, we even can see that there are some products related to the trend of Misanthropy post. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the impact of Misanthropy post with the different humor effects on people's empathy, well-being, engagement. In addition, the illustration types on the post and narcissism personality are viewed as the moderating variables.
This study used an experimental method in 4(the humor types of misanthropy post: affiliative humor vs. self-enhancing humor vs. aggressive humor vs. self-defeating humor) x2(illustration types: cuteness vs. sadness) x2(types of narcissism: overt vs. covert) factorial design. A total sample of 648 young participants who were born in millennial generation were recruited. The result shows that in the following: (1) The Misanthropy post has significant positive impact on engagement and empathy. (2) Each types of humor effect in Misanthropy post has different level impacts on engagement and empathy. Besides, (3) the empathy partially mediates the influence of Misanthropy post on engagement. And (4) there is a two-way interaction between narcissism and Misanthropy post, which has an impact on empathy. This study found that covert narcissist has better effect to arouse people’s empathy than overt narcissist through self-enhancing humor Misanthropy post. In the study, with the discussion to different humor effects on Misanthropy post and the moderating effect of different types of narcissism, the current findings extend the research about Misanthropy post, humor effect and narcissism.

目錄
論文審定書...............................................................................................................　i
誌謝........................................................................................................................... ii
摘要……................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract.....................................................................................................................　iv
第壹章　緒論............................................................................................................... 1
第一節　研究背景................................................................................................... 1
第二節　研究動機................................................................................................... 4
第三節　研究問題與目的....................................................................................... 8
第貳章　文獻探討....................................................................................................... 9
第一節　千禧世代（Millennials）......................................................................... 9
第二節　厭世貼文（Misanthropy Post）............................................................. 11
一、厭世文化............................................................................................. 12
二、厭世背後的療癒效果......................................................................... 12
三、負能量粉絲專頁與厭世貼文............................................................. 13
第三節　幽默（Humor）...................................................................................... 15
一、情緒與社會支持................................................................................. 15
二、情緒與幽默......................................................................................... 19
三、幽默風格............................................................................................. 20
四、幽默效果相關研究............................................................................. 22
五、厭世貼文的幽默分類......................................................................... 24
第四節　同理心（Empathy）.............................................................................. 27
第五節　幸福感（Well-being）........................................................................... 28
第六節　參與感（Engagement）......................................................................... 31
第七節　厭世貼文、同理心、幸福感與參與..................................................... 32
一、厭世貼文、同理心與參與感之關係................................................. 32
二、厭世貼文、同理心與幸福感之關係................................................. 34
第八節　自戀人格（Narcissism）....................................................................... 36
一、 人格特質相關研究............................................................................. 36
二、 自戀..................................................................................................... 37
第九節　插圖類型（Illustration types）.............................................................. 43
一、視覺圖像的重要性............................................................................. 43
二、插圖應用與相關研究......................................................................... 44
第參章　研究方法..................................................................................................... 48
第一節　研究架構................................................................................................. 48
第二節　研究假說與推論..................................................................................... 49
第三節　研究對象與實驗設計............................................................................. 55
第四節　操作型定義及衡量方法......................................................................... 56
第五節　實驗刺激................................................................................................. 59
第六節　前測結果................................................................................................. 60
第七節　正式實驗研究程序................................................................................. 64
第肆章　資料分析..................................................................................................... 65
第一節　人口敘述性統計..................................................................................... 65
第二節　信效度分析............................................................................................. 67
第三節　操弄性檢驗............................................................................................. 71
第四節　研究假說驗證......................................................................................... 72
一、主效果分析驗證................................................................................. 73
二、二因子交互作用驗證......................................................................... 80
三、中介效果分析驗證............................................................................. 82
四、假說檢定............................................................................................. 83
第伍章　結果與討論................................................................................................. 84
第一節　研究發現…............................................................................................. 84
一、厭世貼文對參與感、幸福感、同理心的影響................................. 84
二、同理心中介厭世貼文對參與感和對幸福感之影響......................... 86
三、插圖類型於厭世貼文對同理心、參與感和幸福感之干擾影響..... 87
四、自戀人格對厭世貼文喚起同理心的干擾影響................................. 87
第二節　研究貢獻................................................................................................. 88
一、學術貢獻............................................................................................. 88
二、實務意涵............................................................................................. 90
第三節　研究限制與未來建議............................................................................. 91
參考文獻..................................................................................................................... 93
中文文獻..................................................................................................................... 93
外文文獻..................................................................................................................... 96
附錄........................................................................................................................... 115
附錄一　前測問卷................................................................................................... 115
附錄二　前測問卷之實驗刺激............................................................................... 120
附錄三　正式問卷................................................................................................... 125
附錄四　正式問卷實驗情境貼文........................................................................... 130
 

山田昌弘（2016）。社會為何對年輕人冷酷無情。臺灣：立緒。
王維玲（2017年4月）。爛事再正面還是爛事：專訪每天來點負能量。端傳媒。取自: https://theinitium.com/article/20170410-city-generation-ne-energy/
王維玲（2017年4月）。明天不會更好，只能選擇把今天過好？全拋世代的負能量啟示錄。端傳媒。取自：https://theinitium.com/article/20170410-city-negative-energy-revelation/
王芳和陳福國（2005）。主觀幸福感的影響因素。中國行為醫學科學，第6期。
文化部（2018）。不只是可愛！藝術銀行「可愛就是力量：藝術現象學」展覽即日開展。取自：https://www.moc.gov.tw/information_250_86883.html
生田綾（2017）。Instagram全盛期，限時動態如何贏得千禧世代的心？I-BUZZ。取自：http://www.i-buzz.com.tw/research/article_page/?n=28f47cdd6cfb4044b7cb20db18cc89a0&id=MTQ4
四方田犬彥，陳光棻譯（2007）。可愛力量大。台北市：天下遠見。
付晶晶（2010）。網絡表情圖形的藝術特徵研究（碩士論文）。取自中國優秀碩士學位論文全文數據庫。
何宜錚、黃鴻程、陳學志、王雅萍和賴惠德（2010）。國中生幽默風格與自尊及情緒智力之相關研究。中華心理衛生學刊，23(2)，271-304。
李昭融（2017）。【厭世哲學】垃圾文界的一位美少年，我只是想說真心話。美麗佳人。取自：https://www.marieclaire.com.tw/lifestyle/issue/34240?atcr=830eab　
妞新聞（2016）。「說錢無法買到快樂的人可以把錢轉給我嗎」國外網友負能量爆發名言錄。取自：https://www.niusnews.com/=P2esj5s5
吳祥瑞（2017）。現在年輕人為何這麼「草莓」？他狠狠揭露原因。蘋果即時。取自：https://tw.appledaily.com/new/realtime/20170107/1030288/
吳承紘（2017）。厭世代：低薪、貧窮與看不見的未來。關鍵評論網。取自：https://www.thenewslens.com/feature/millenial-angst
周怡伶（2016年6月）。讚數高達41萬，「每天來點負能量」怎麼爆紅。INSIDE硬塞的網路趨勢觀察。取自：https://www.inside.com.tw/article/6450-neenergy
宋晨和劉欣欣（2011）。插畫藝術。佳魁資訊股份有限公司。
林秀姿（2018）。世代共好／厭世產業 青貧世代另類商機。聯合報。取自：https://money.udn.com/money/story/9554/3037336
信傳媒（2019）。每天都很「厭世」？負能量爆棚的世代 「佛系」是終點...。取自：https://www.cmmedia.com.tw/home/articles/14188
奇摩新聞（2019）。對人群過敏？無時無刻都想睡？耍廢生活5症狀，你也是厭世女子嗎？取自：https://reurl.cc/xRLY1　
約翰．巴吉，趙丕慧譯（2018）。為什麼我們會這麼想、那樣做？。臺灣：平安文化。
胡家欣（2000）。大學生的休閒認知、涉入與體驗－兼論人格特質的影響。高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所碩士論文。
產業情報研究所（2016）。零售業拚轉骨，迎戰四新時代，新客群 35歲以下消費者躍居購買主力新裝置。取自：https://mic.iii.org.tw/Industryobservation_MIC02views.aspx?sqno=201　
張春興（1991）。現代心理學。臺北：東華。
張依依（2009）。解構公仔社會文化現象。台灣社會研究季刊，73，167-188。
常雅珍和毛國楠（2006）。以正向心理學建構情意教育之行動之行動研究。師大學報：教育類。
莊勝涵（2017）。讀中文系的人（二）：因為厭世，所以慈悲──專訪「厭世哲學家」。BIOS monthly。取自：http://www.biosmonthly.com/weekly_news_topic/8790
郭冀銘（2017）。千禧世代工作出了什麼問題？他點出這4個關鍵原因。中時電子報。取自：http://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20170107002671-260405
陶振超（2011）。媒介訊息如何獲得注意力: 突出或相關? 認知取徑媒體研究之觀點。新聞學研究，245-290。
陳學志（1991）。「幽默理解」的認知歷程。國立臺灣大學心理學研究所博士論文，台北市。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/a2y25t
陳皎眉、李睿杰（2013）。永遠幸福美滿－由正向心理學看幸福感。文官培訓季刊，(1)，109-118。
陳啟雄、黃筠淇（2015）。療癒系商品心理因子之初探。中華民國設計學會研究論文，496-501。
陳志恆（2016）。負能量崛起？藏在詼諧戲謔背後的療癒效果。取自：http://blog.udn.com/heng711/60942047 　
陳品丞（2017）。新聞媒體在臉書―社群編輯引言的框架研究。中華傳播學會年會研討會，1-27。
陳宗延等人（2014）。島國關賤字：屬於我們這個世代、這個時代的台灣社會力分析。臺灣：左岸文化。
陳慶德（2017年2月）。「再寫韓國」晉級又進擊的全拋世代。鳴人堂｜聯合新聞網。取自：https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/8231/2269146
陳慶德（2017）。再寫韓國：臺灣青年的第一手觀察。臺灣：月熊出版。
陳默安（2018）。人物》以書寫標誌時代困境：專訪《厭世代》吳承紘與《再寫韓國》陳慶德。OpenBook閱讀誌。取自：https://www.openbook.org.tw/article/p-1022
黃郁齡（2017）。賽門西奈克：千禧世代＝分心世代，同理心是解決問題的第一步。關鍵評論。取自：https://hk.thenewslens.com/article/59202
黃仲義（2016）。負能量爆發！ 怨男怨女如何成為這世代的標誌？聯合新聞網。取自：https://udn.com/news/story/7482/1660478　
黃晴雯（2018）。社群行銷X數位整合：千禧世代的消費密碼。遠東人月刊。取自：http://www.fenc.com/magazine/show_faq_new.aspx?SN=10702　
勞動部（2016）。15-29歲青年勞工就業狀況調查統計結果。取自：http://www.mol.gov.tw/announcement/2099/31602/
葉馥瑢（2019）。實踐精神生活的「千禧世代」，追求的到底是什麼？。關鍵評論。取自：https://www.thenewslens.com/article/111720　
詹雨臻、陳學志、卓淑玲（2011）。區分良善與有害的幽默—正體中文版［幽默風格量表］的發展。 測驗學刊專刊：正向心理特質的測量，207-234。
楊時育（2018）。你應該早點了解的事：想走出負面情緒迴圈，先與你的情緒「和解」吧！生活報橘。取自：https://buzzorange.com/vidaorange/2018/02/07/avoid-emotional-depression/
楊竣傑（2017）。消極男子：無為，是另一種有所為。Cheers快樂工作人雜誌。取自：http://www.cheers.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5083580
楊雅琳（2016）。如何寫論文？研究生畫「6點崩潰寫實生活」網友痛哭轉發。ETtoday新聞雲。取自：https://www.ettoday.net/news/20160517/699802.htm#ixzz58sE7tfdM
榎本博明（2017）。愈是不安，愈要負面思考。臺灣：台灣東販。
蔡語慧（2014）。貼圖在情緒感知與溝通涵義之研究－以LINE為例（未出版之碩士論文）。國立台灣藝術大學，新北市。
鄭曉楓（2014）。正向心理學。臺灣：揚智。
鄭文俊（1999）。資訊產品螢幕圖像操作介面設計思索與實務。大葉大學學報，8(1)，111-120。
賴文心（2005）。《插畫 －圖文．圖畫．書》。台北：國立臺灣藝術教育館。
盧一伶（2010）。內外向人格特質與Facebook使用動機與行為之探討。政治大學廣告研究所學位論文，未出版。
盧俐妤（2016）。「每天來點負能量」的經營之道，如何累積56萬粉絲？林育聖分享4大秘訣。SmartM。取自：https://www.smartm.com.tw/Article/32363333cea3
聯合新聞網（2018）。看了心真的暖起來！十大厭世插畫家撫慰你的心。取自：https://udn.com/news/story/7266/3127555
謝欣樺（2017）。「情感化」才是致勝關鍵！３步驟用故事行銷優化顧客體驗。SmartM。取自：https://www.smartm.com.tw/article/34343535cea3
謝雨澄（2015）。全聯可愛大使「福利熊」報到。取自：http://www.idn.com.tw/news/news_content.php?artid=20150127cheng005
蘇蘅、郭台達、潘金谷、曹嬿恆和陳棅易（2016）。2016總統大選的社群媒體、政治討論與情緒傳播：以周子瑜事件的大數據分析為例。中華傳播學會年會研討會，1-30。
Travis Travie和Lovina Wazowski（2016）。博客來2016年度報告！「負能量」成新勵志模式、「詩」之盛行網路蓋起寫字樓。VOGUE。取自：https://www.vogue.com.tw/feature/travel/content-31019.html
YOTTA（2018）。陳青琳╳廖國成｜今天我們談插畫，不靠杯（上）。取自：https://blog.yottau.com.tw/2018/02/07/%E9%99%B3%E9%9D%92%E7%90%B3%E2%95%B3%E5%BB%96%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%90%EF%BD%9C%E4%BB%8A%E5%A4%A9%E6%88%91%E5%80%91%E8%AB%87%E6%8F%92%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%8D%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%AF%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%89/
Ahn, H., Kwolek, E. A., & Bowman, N. D. (2015). Two faces of narcissism on SNS: The distinct effects of vulnerable and grandiose narcissism on SNS privacy control. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 375-381.
Alhabash, S., Park, H., Kononova, A., Chiang, Y. H., & Wise, K. (2012). Exploring the motivations of Facebook use in Taiwan. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(6), 304-311.
Allen, M. S., & McCarthy, P. J. (2016). Be happy in your work: The role of positive psychology in working with change and performance. Journal of Change Management, 16(1), 55-74.
Allen, P. J., & Bennett, K. (2007). SPSS for the Health and Behavioural Sciences. Thomson Learning.
American Psychological Association. (2018, January 2). Perfectionism among young people significantly increased since 1980s, study finds: Excessive desire to succeed, compete with others may have negative impact on youth psychological health. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180102103305.htm
Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (2002). Internet and personality. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(1), 1-10.
Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & Ben-Artzi, E. (2003). Loneliness and Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(1), 71-80.
Amichai-Hamburger, Y., Wainapel, G., & Fox, S. (2002). " On the Internet no one knows I'm an introvert": Extroversion, neuroticism, and Internet interaction. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 5(2), 125-128.
Andrews, F. M., & Robinson, J. P. (1991). Measures of subjective well-being. Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes, 1, 61-114.
Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being. New York: Plenum. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2253-5
Anello, K., Lannin, D. G., & Hermann, A. D. (2019). The values of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability. Personality and Individual Differences, 150, 109478.
Archer, J., and Monton, S. (2011). Preferences for infant facial features in pet dogs 　　and cats. Ethology 117, 217-226.
Appel L, Dadlani P, Dwyer M, et al. (2014) Testing the validity of social capital measures in the study of information and communication technologies. Information, Communication & Society, 17, 398-416.
Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2010). Why are narcissists so charming at first sight? Decoding the narcissism–popularity link at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 132-145.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Moore, D. J. (1994). Public service advertisements: Emotions and empathy guide prosocial behavior. The Journal of Marketing, 56-70.
Barry, J. M., & Graça, S. S. (2018). HUMOR EFFECTIVENESS IN SOCIAL VIDEO ENGAGEMENT. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 26(1-2), 158-180.
Batson, C. D. (2009). These Things Called Empathy: Eight Related but Distinct Phenomena. The Social Neuroscience of Empathy, 3-16.
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323-370.
Becker, A. B. (2012). Comedy types and political campaigns: The differential influence of other-directed hostile humor and self-ridicule on candidate evaluations. Mass Communication and Society, 15(6), 791-812.
Berger, J. and Milkman, K. L. (2012). What makes online content viral? Journal of Marketing Research, 28, 192-205.
Bergman, S. M., Fearrington, M. E., Davenport, S. W., & Bergman, J. Z. (2011). Millennials, narcissism, and social networking: What narcissists do on social networking sites and why. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5), 706-711.
Berry, D. S., & McArthur, L. Z. (1985). Some components and consequences of a babyface. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(2), 312-323.
Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2010). Grandiose narcissism versus vulnerable narcissism in threatening situations: Emotional reactions to achievement failure and interpersonal rejection. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(8), 874-902.
Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 41, 27-36.
Bippus, A. M., Dunbar, N. E., & Liu, S. J. (2012). Humorous responses to interpersonal complaints: Effects of humor style and nonverbal expression. The Journal of Psychology, 146(4), 437-453.
Bistricky, S. L., Atchley, R. A., Ingram, R., & O'Hare, A. (2014). Biased processing of sad faces: an ERP marker candidate for depression susceptibility. Cognition & Emotion, 28(3), 470-492.
Black, D. (2008). The virtual ideal: Virtual idols, cute technology and unclean biology. Continuum, 22(1), 37-50.
Bolls, P. D., & Muehling, D. D. (2007). The effects of dual-task processing on consumers' responses to high-and low-imagery radio advertisements. Journal of Advertising, 36(4), 35-47.
Borah, P. (2016). Political Facebook use: Campaign strategies used in 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 13(4), 326-338.
Bowden, J. L. H. (2009). The process of customer engagement: A conceptual framework. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 17(1), 63-74.
Brady, T.F., Konkle, T., Alvarez, G.A., and Oliva, A. (2008). Visual long-termmemory has a massive storage capacity for object details. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(38), 14325-14329.
Brodie, R. J., Ilic, A., Juric, B., & Hollebeek, L. (2013). Consumer engagement in a virtual brand community: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Business Research, 66(1), 105-114.
Brookshire, J., Scharff, L. F., & Moses, L. E. (2002). The influence of illustrations on children’s book preferences and comprehension. Reading Psychology, 23, 323-339.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664-678.
Buffardi, L. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(10), 1303-1314.
Burke, M., & Kraut, R. E. (2016). The relationship between Facebook use and well-being depends on communication type and tie strength. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(4), 265-281.
Calder, B. J., Malthouse, E. C., & Schaedel, U. (2009). An experimental study of the relationship between online engagement and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 23(4), 321-331.
Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2011). The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Caplan, G., Killilea, M., & Abrahams, R. B. (Eds.). (1976). Support systems and mutual help: Multidisciplinary explorations. Contemporary Sociology, 6(6), 690
Carpenter, C. J. (2012). Narcissism on Facebook: Self-promotional and anti-social behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(4), 482-486.
Casale, S., Fioravanti, G., & Rugai, L. (2016). Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissists: Who Is at Higher Risk for Social Networking Addiction? Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(8), 510-515.
Chang, C., & Li, H. (2010). Why are childlike portrayals appealing in East Asia? A cross-cultural comparison between Taiwan and the US. International Journal of Advertising, 29(3), 451-472.
Chaya Ostrower. (2013) “What is Humor? What is the Purpose of Humor? Why Do We Laugh?” Paper delivered at the International Conference on Humour: Texts, Contexts (University of Kerala, India; 6–8.)
Chen, H. T., & Li, X. (2017). The contribution of mobile social media to social capital and psychological well-being: Examining the role of communicative use, friending and self-disclosure. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 958–965.
Childers, T. L., & Houston, M. J. (1984). Conditions for a picture-superiority effect on consumer memory. Journal of Consumer Research, 11(2), 643-654.
Chiu, C. M., Huang, H. Y., Cheng, H. L., & Sun, P. C. (2015). Understanding online community citizenship behaviors through social support and social identity. International journal of Information Management, 35(4), 504-519.
Choi, D. H., & Noh, G. Y. (2019). The influence of social media use on attitude toward suicide through psychological well-being, social isolation, and social support. Information, Communication & Society, 1-17.
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300-314.
Cohen, E. L., & Hoffner, C. (2016). Finding meaning in a celebrity’s death: The relationship between parasocial attachment, grief, and sharing educational health information related to Robin Williams on social network sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 643-650.
Cohen, S. E., & Syme, S. L. (1985). Social support and health. Academic Press.
Cohen, S., and Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, Social Support, and the Buffering Hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 2(98), 310-357.
Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676-684.
Cooper, B. B. (2016). How Twitter’s Expanded Images Increase Clicks, Retweets and Favorites. Buffer. Retrieved from https://buffer.com/resources/the-power-of-twitters-new-expanded-images-and-how-to-make-the-most-of-it
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 653-665.
Curran, T., & Hill, A. (2019). Perfectionism is increasing over time: A meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016. Psychological Bulletin, 145(4), 410-429
Czarna, A. Z., Dufner, M., & Clifton, A. D. (2014). The effects of vulnerable and grandiose narcissism on liking-based and disliking-based centrality in social networks. Journal of Research in Personality, 50, 42-45.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126.
Davis, M. H., Mitchell, K. V., Hall, J. A., Lothert, J., Snapp, T., & Meyer, M. (1999). Empathy, expectations, and situational preferences: Personality influences on the decision to participate in volunteer helping behaviors. Journal of Personality, 67(3), 469-503.
De Choudhury, M., Gamon, M., Counts, S., & Horvitz, E. (2013, June). Predicting depression via social media. In Seventh international AAAI conference on weblogs and social media.
Dessart, L. (2017). Social media engagement: a model of antecedents and relational outcomes. Journal of Marketing Management, 33(5-6), 375-399.
Dessart, L., Veloutsou, C., & Morgan-Thomas, A. (2016). Capturing consumer engagement: Duality, dimensionality and measurement. Journal of Marketing Management, 32(5–6), 399-426.
Dessart, L., Veloutsou, C., & Morgan-Thomas, A. (2015). Consumer engagement in online brand communities: A social media perspective. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 24(1), 28-42.
De Vreese, C. H., Esser, F., & Hopmann, D. N. (2016). Comparing political journalism. London: Routledge.
Diener, E. (2013). The remarkable changes in the science of subjective well-being. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 663-666.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological bulletin, 125(2), 276-302.
Diener, E., Nickerson, C., Lucas, R. E., & Sandvik, E. (2002). Dispositional affect and job outcomes. Social Indicators Research, 59(3), 229-259.
Eastin, M. S., & LaRose, R. (2005). Alt. support: Modeling social support online. Computers in Human Behavior, 21(6), 977-992.
Edmans, A. (2012). The link between job satisfaction and firm value, with implications for corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26, 1-19.
Eisend, M. (2017). Explaining the use and effects of humor in advertising: an evolutionary perspective. International Journal of Advertising, 37(4), 526-547.
Eisend, M. (2011). How humor in advertising works: A meta-analytic test of alternative models. Marketing letters, 22(2), 115-132.
Eisend, M., Plagemann, J., & Sollwedel, J. (2014). Gender Roles and Humor in Advertising: The Occurrence of Stereotyping in Humorous and Non humorous Advertising and Its Consequences for Advertising Effectiveness. Journal of Advertising, 43(3), 256-273.
Emmons, R. A. (1991). Personal strivings, daily life events, and psychological and physical well‐being. Journal of Personality, 59(3), 453-472.
Escalas, J. E., & Stern, B. B. (2003). Sympathy and empathy: Emotional responses to advertising dramas. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(4), 566-578.
Feldman, L. (2007). The news about comedy: Young audiences, The Daily Show, and evolving notions of journalism. Journalism, 8(4), 406-427
Fenske, M. J., & Eastwood, J. D. (2003). Modulation of focused attention by faces expressing emotion: evidence from flanker tasks. Emotion, 3(4), 327-343.
Fisher, R. J., Vandenbosch, M., & Antia, K. D. (2008). An empathy-helping perspective on consumers' responses to fund-raising appeals. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(3), 519-531.
Flores, A., & James, C. (2013). Morality and ethics behind the screen: Young people’s perspectives on digital life. New Media & Society, 15(6), 834-852.
Fredrickson, B., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition & Emotion, 19(3), 313-332.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1998). Positive emotion speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 12(2), 191-220.
Freud, S. (1957). Mourning and melancholia. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XIV (1914-1916): On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement, Papers on Metapsychology and Other Works, 237-258.
Freud, S. (1928). Humour. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis.
Frijda, N. H. (1994). Varieties of affect: Emotions and episodes, moods, and sentiments. The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions, 59-67.
Ganz, F. D., & Jacobs, J. M. (2014). The effect of humor on elder mental and physical health. Geriatric Nursing, 35, 205-211.
Garg, N., & Lerner, J. S. (2013). Sadness and consumption. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 23(1), 106-113.
Gelkopf, M., & Sigal, M. (1995). It is not enough to have them laugh: Hostility, anger, and humor-coping in schizophrenic patients. Humor - International Journal of Humor Research, 8(3), 273-284.
Gentile, D.A., Anderson, C.A., Yukawa, S., Ihori, N., Saleem, M., Ming, L.K., et al., (2009). The effects of prosocial games on prosocial behaviors: International evidence from correlational, experimental, and longitudinal studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(6), 752-763.
Glasser, W., & Zunin, L. M. (1979). Reality therapy. In R. J. Corsini (Ed.), Current psychotherapies (2nd ed.)(pp. 302-339). Ithasca, IL: Peacock.
Glenberg, A. M., & Langston, W. E. (1992). Comprehension of illustrated text: Pictures help to build mental models. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 129-151.
Glocker, M. L., Langleben, D. D., Ruparel, K., Loughead, J. W., Gur, R. C., & Sachser, N. (2009). Baby schema in infant faces induces cuteness perception and motivation for caretaking in adults. Ethology, 115(3), 257-263.
Gnambs, T., & Appel, M. (2017). Narcissism and social networking behavior: A meta‐analysis. Journal of personality, 86(2), 200-212.
Goldstein, A. P., & Michaels, G. Y. (1985). Empathy: Development, training, and consequences. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gosling, S. D., Augustine, A. A., Vazire, S., Holtzmann, N., & Gaddis, S. (2011). Manifestations of personality in online social networks: Self-reported Facebook -related behaviors and observable profile information. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 483-488.
Graham, E. E. (1995). The involvement of a sense of humor in the development of social relationships. Communication Report, 8, 158-169.
Große, C. S., Jungmann, L., & Drechsler, R. (2015). Benefits of illustrations and videos for technical documentations. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 109-120.
Gursoy, D., Maier, T. A., & Chi, C. G. (2008). Generational differences: An examination of work values and generational gaps in the hospitality workforce. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27, 448-458.
Haghish, E. F., & Teymoori, A. (2013). Illustration facilitates interviewing young children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 2209-2218.
Hampes, W. P. (2001). Relation between humor and empathic concern. Psychological Reports, 88(1), 241-244.
Hanna, E., Ward, L. M., Seabrook, R. C., Jerald, M., Reed, L., Giaccardi, S., & Lippman, J. R. (2017). Contributions of social comparison and self-objectification in mediating associations between Facebook use and emergent adults' psychological well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(3), 172-179.
Hart, W., Adams, J., Burton, K. A., & Tortoriello, G. K. (2017). Narcissism and self-presentation: Profiling grandiose and vulnerable Narcissists' self-presentation tactic use. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 48-57.
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., Asplund, J. W., Killham, E. A., & Agrawal, S. (2010). Causal impact of employee work perceptions on the bottom line of organizations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 378–389.
Headey, B., & Wearing, A. (1989). Personality, life events, and subjective well-being: toward a dynamic equilibrium model. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 57(4), 731-739
Herrington, J. D. (2016). Commentary: Cognitive and emotional empathy in transdiagnostic research–reflections on Klapwijk et al.(2016). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(6), 748-749.
Hertenstein, M. J., Hansel, C. A., Butts, A. M., & Hile, S. N. (2009). Smile intensity in photographs predicts divorce later in life. Motivation and Emotion, 33(2), 99-105.
Heiss, R., Schmuck, D., & Matthes, J. (2018). What drives interaction in political actors’ Facebook posts? Profile and content predictors of user engagement and political actors’ reactions. Information, Communication & Society, 1-17.
Hendin, H. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1997). Assessing hypersensitive narcissism: A reexamination of Murray's Narcism Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31(4), 588-599.
Hill, D. (2010). Emotionomics: Leveraging emotions for business success. Kogan Page Publishers.
Hofmann, J. and Rodden, F. A. (2019). Representing, Detecting, and Translating Humour in the Brain. In The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Multilingualism (eds J. W. Schwieter and M. Paradis).
Holbert, R. L., Hmielowski, J., Jain, P., Lather, J., & Morey, A. (2011). Adding nuance to the study of political humor effects: Experimental research on juvenalian satire versus horatian satire. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(3), 187-211.
Hollebeek, L. D. (2011). Demystifying customer brand engagement: Exploring the loyalty nexus. Journal of Marketing Management, 27(7–8), 785-807.
Hollebeek, L. D., Glynn, M. S., & Brodie, R. J. (2014). Consumer brand engagement in social media: Conceptualization, scale development and validation. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 28(2), 149-165.
Holton, A. E., & Lewis, S. C. (2011). Journalists, social media, and the use of humor on Twitter. Electronic Journal of Communication, 21(1/2), 1-22.
Hospitality (2007). Embrace the GenY difference. Hospitality, Oct. 49.
House, J. S. (1983). Work stress and social support. Addison-Wesley Series on Occupational Stress.
House, J. S., and Kahn, R. L., (1985). Measures and Concepts of Social Support. New York: Academic Press, 83-108.
Howard, L., and Vick, S. (2010). Does it bite? The role of stimuli characteristics on preschoolers’ interactions with robots, insects and a dog. Anthrozoös, 23, 397-413.
Hu, Y. (2019). Helping is healing: examining relationships between social support, intended audiences, and perceived benefits of mental health blogging. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 1-9.
Hughes, D. J., Rowe, M., Batey, M., & Lee, A. (2012). A tale of two sites: Twitter vs. Facebook and the personality predictors of social media usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 561-569.
Hung, Y. C., Zheng, X., Carlson, J., & Giurge, L. M. (2017). The weight of the saddened soul: the bidirectionality between physical heaviness and sadness and its implications for sensory marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, 33(11-12), 917-941.
Hunnius, S., de Wit, T. C., Vrins, S., & von Hofsten, C. (2011). Facing threat: Infants' and adults' visual scanning of faces with neutral, happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotional expressions. Cognition and Emotion, 25(2), 193-205.
Hurmerinta, L., & Sandberg, B. (2015). Sadness bright as glass: the acceptance of emotionally sensitive radical innovation. Journal of Marketing Management, 31(9-10), 918-939.
Ibrahim, A., Ye, J., & Hoffner, C. (2008). Diffusion of news of the Shuttle Columbia disaster: The role of emotional responses and motives for interpersonal communication. Communication Research Reports, 25(2), 91-101.
Imlawi, J., & Gregg, D. (2014). Engagement in online social networks: The impact of self-disclosure and humor. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 30(2), 106-125.
Izard, C. E. (1993). Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological review, 100(1), 68-90.
Jahn, B. and Kunz, W. (2012). How to transform consumers into fans of your brand. Journal of Service Management, 23(3), 344-361.
Jarrett, C. (2017, November 17). Rising social media use has sparked a passionate debate among psychologists: are today’s young people more “Generation Me”, or “Generation We” ? BBC.com. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/future/
Joseph, P. F.(2017, May 15). Why bad moods are good for you: the surprising benefits of sadness. THE CONVERSATION.com. Retrieved from　https://theconversation.com/au
Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004). A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The day reconstruction method. Science, 306(5702), 1776-1780.
Kapidzic, S. (2013). Narcissism as a Predictor of Motivations Behind Facebook Profile Picture Selection. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(1), 14-19.
Keen, S. (2018). Empathy Studies. A Companion to Literary Theory, 126-138.
Khalil, A. A., & Abed, M. A. (2014). Perceived social support is a partial mediator of the relationship between depressive symptoms and quality of life in patients receiving hemodialysis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 28(2), 114-118.
Kim, J., & Lee, J. E. R. (2011). The Facebook paths to happiness: Effects of the number of Facebook friends and self-presentation on subjective well-being. CyberPsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(6), 359-364.
Kim, S. J., & Hancock, J. T. (2015). Optimistic Bias and Facebook Use: Self–Other Discrepancies About Potential Risks and Benefits of Facebook Use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(4), 214-220.
Kopelman, S., Rosette, A. S., & Thompson, L. (2006). The three faces of eve: Strategic displays of positive, negative and neutral emotions in negotiations. Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 99 (1), 81-101
Križan, Z., & Johar, O. (2012). Envy divides the two faces of narcissism. Journal of personality, 80(5), 1415-1451.
Kwon, O., & Wen, Y. (2010). An empirical study of the factors affecting social network use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 254-263.
Lane, J. A., Leibert, T. W., & Goka-Dubose, E. (2017). The Impact of Life Transition on Emerging Adult Attachment, Social Support, and Well-Being: A Multiple-Group Comparison. Journal of Counseling & Development, 95(4), 378-388.
Large, A., Beheshti, J., Breuleux, A., & Renaud, A. (1994). MULTIMEDIA AND COMPREHENSION - A COGNITIVE STUDY. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45(7), 515-528.
Larsson, A. O. (2015). Pandering, protesting, engaging. Norwegian party leaders on Facebook during the 2013 ‘Short campaign'. Information, Communication & Society, 18(4), 459-473.
Lefcourt, H. M. (2001). Humor: The psychology of living buoyantly. Springer Science & Business Media.
Leung, L., & Lee, P. S. (2005). Multiple determinants of life quality: The roles of Internet activities, use of new media, social support, and leisure activities. Telematics and Informatics, 22(3), 161-180.
Leung, L. (2013). Generational differences in content generation in social media: The roles of the gratifications sought and of narcissism. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 997-1006
Lin H, Tov W and Qiu L (2014) Emotional disclosure on social networking sites: the role of network structure and psychological needs. Computers in Human Behavior, 41(1), 342-350.
Lin, J. S., Lee, Y. I., Jin, Y., & Gilbreath, B. (2017). Personality traits, motivations, and emotional consequences of social media usage. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(10), 615-623.
Liu, C. Y., & Yu, C. P. (2013). Can Facebook use induce well-being?　Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(9), 674-678
Liu, D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2016). Social networking online and personality of self-worth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 64, 79-89.
Liu, P., Tov, W., Kosinski, M., Stillwell, D. J., & Qiu, L. (2015). Do Facebook status updates reflect subjective well-being? Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(7), 373-379.
Liu, X., Pan, M., & Li, J. (2018). Does Sharing Your Emotion Make You Feel Better? An Empirical Investigation on the Association Between Sharing Emotions on a Virtual Mood Wall and the Relief of Patients’ Negative Emotions. Telemedicine and e-Health. 1-9.
Ljepava, N., Orr, R. R., Locke, S., & Ross, C. (2013). Personality and social characteristics of Facebook non-users and frequent users. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1602-1607.
Lopes, B., & Yu, H. (2017). Who do you troll and Why: An investigation into the relationship between the Dark Triad Personalities and online trolling behaviours towards popular and less popular Facebook profiles. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 69-76.
Lu, L., Gilmour, R., & Kao, S. F. (2001). Cultural values and happiness: An East-West dialogue. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 477-493.
Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 616.
Lutz, K. A., & Lutz, R. J. (1978). Imagery-eliciting strategies: Review and implications of research. Advances in Consumer Research, 5(1), 611–620.
MacDonald, P. (2014). Narcissism in the modern world. Psychodynamic Practice, 20(2), 144–153.
MacInnis, D. J., & Price, L. L. (1987). The role of imagery in information processing: Review and extensions. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(4), 473-491.
Malkin, C. (2017). What's the Single Greatest Danger of Covert Narcissism? PsychologyToday. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/romance-redux/201712/what-s-the-single-greatest-danger-covert-narcissism
Mansson, D. H., & Myers, S. A. (2011). An initial examination of college students' expressions of affection through Facebook. Southern Communication Journal, 76(2), 155-168.
Marshall, T. C., Lefringhausen, K., & Ferenczi, N. (2015). The Big Five, self-esteem, and narcissism as predictors of the topics people write about in Facebook status updates. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 35-40.
Martin, R. A. (2001). Humor, laughter, and physical health: Methodological issues and research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 504-519
Martin, R. A. (2007). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Amsterdam: Academic Press.
Martin, R. A., & Lefcourt, H. M. (1983). Sense of humor as a moderator of the relation between stressors and moods. Journal of personality and social psychology, 45(6), 1313-1324.
Martin, R. A., Kuiper, N. A., Olinger, L. J., & Dance, K. A. (1993). Humor, coping with stress, self-concept, and psychological well-being. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 6, 89-104
Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in the uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 48-75.
McCracken, J. C., & Macklin, M. C. (1998). The role of brand names and visual cues in enhancing memory for consumer packaged goods. Marketing Letters, 9(2), 209-226.
McVeigh, B. (1996). Commodifying affection, authority and gender in the everyday objects of Japan. Journal of Material Culture, 1(3), 291-312.
Medina, J. (2018). Vision trumps all other senses. Brain Rules. Retrieved from http://www.brainrules.net/vision?utm_source=CHIGYOSHA.com&utm_medium=website&utm_term=visual-content-marketing
Mehdizadeh, S. (2010). Self-presentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(4), 357-364.
Mendiburo‐Seguel, A., Páez, D., & Martínez‐Sánchez, F. (2015). Humor styles and personality: A meta‐analysis of the relation between humor styles and the Big Five personality traits. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(3), 335-340.
Miller, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Comparing clinical and social‐personality conceptualizations of narcissism. Journal of Personality, 76(3), 449-476.
Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Searching for a vulnerable dark triad: Comparing factor 2 psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism, and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality, 78(5), 1529-1564.
Miller, JD, Hoffman, BJ, Gaughan, ET, Gentile, B., Maples, J., & Keith Campbell, W. (2011). Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: A nomological network analysis. Journal of Personality, 79(5), 1013-1042.
Mindful (2017). How Humor Builds Empathy? Retrieved from https://www.mindful.org/how-humor-builds-empathy/
Morreall, J. (2010). Comic vices and comic virtues. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 23(1), 1-26.
Mourão, R., Diehl, T., & Vasudevan, K. (2016). I love Big Bird: How journalists tweeted humor during the 2012 presidential debates. Digital Journalism, 4(2), 211-228.
Mulkay, M. J. (1988). On humor: Its nature and its place in modern society. UK : Polity Press.
Nabi, R. L. (1999). A cognitive‐functional model for the effects of discrete negative emotions on information processing, attitude change, and recall. Communication theory, 9(3), 292-320.
Nabi, R. L., Prestin, A., & So, J. (2013). Facebook friends with (health) benefits? Exploring social network site use and perceptions of social support, stress, and well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(10), 721-727.
Nenkov, G. Y., & Scott, M. L. (2014). “So cute I could eat it up”: priming effects of cute products on indulgent consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(2), 326-341.
Newhagen, J. E., & Reeves, B. (1992). The evening's bad news: Effects of compelling negative television news images on memory. Journal of Communication, 42(2), 25-41.
Nittono, H., Fukushima, M., Yano, A., & Moriya, H. (2012). The power of kawaii: Viewing cute images promotes a careful behavior and narrows attentional focus. PLOSone, 7(9), 1-7.
Norman, D. (2002). Emotion & design: attractive things work better. Interactions, 9(4), 36-42.
Nussbaum, M. (2001) Upheavals of thought: The intelligence of emotions. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Oh, H. J., Ozkaya, E., & LaRose, R. (2014). How does online social networking enhance life satisfaction? The relationships among online supportive interaction, affect, perceived social support, sense of community, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 69-78.
Oh, S., & Syn, S. Y. (2015). Motivations for sharing information and social support in social media: A comparative analysis of Facebook, Twitter, Delicious, YouTube, and Flickr. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 66(10), 2045-2060.
Oh, S. (2012). The characteristics and motivations of health answerers for sharing information, knowledge, and experiences in online environments. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(3), 543-557.
Oommen, D. (2014). The relationships among perceptions of social support, Intercultural communication Apprehension (ICA), and conflict management preferences in the context of cultural adaptation. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 43(3), 215-237.
Otway, L. J., & Vignoles, V. L. (2006). Narcissism and childhood recollections: A quantitative test of psychoanalytic predictions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(1), 104-116.
Ozimek, P., Bierhoff, H. W., & Hanke, S. (2018). Do vulnerable narcissists profit more from Facebook use than grandiose narcissists? An examination of narcissistic Facebook use in the light of self-regulation and social comparison theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 168-177.
Park, C., Lee, Y. J., Hong, M., Jung, C. H., Synn, Y., Kwack, Y. S., et al. & Bahn, G. H. (2016). A multicenter study investigating empathy and burnout characteristics in medical residents with various specialties. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 31(4), 590-597.
Park, C. S. (2015). Applying “Negativity Bias” to Twitter: Negative News on Twitter, Emotions, and Political Learning. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 12(4), 342-359.
Park, G., Schwartz, H. A., Eichstaedt, J. C., Kern, M. L., Kosinski, M., Stillwell, D. J., ... & Seligman, M. E. (2015). Automatic personality assessment through social media language. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(6), 934-952.
Park, M., Cha, C., & Cha, M. (2012). Depressive moods of users portrayed in Twitter. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD Workshop on healthcare informatics (HI-KDD) (Vol. 2012, pp. 1-8). New York, NY: ACM.
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556-563.
Peeck, J. (1994). Retention of pictorial and verbal content of a text with illustrations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66, 880-888.
Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism. American Psychologist, 55(1), 44-55.
Peterson, M. J., & McGee, S. H. (1974). Effects of imagery instructions, imagery ratings, and number of dictionary meanings upon recognition and recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102(6), 1007-1014.
Phelps, J. E., Lewis, R,. Perry, D and Raman, N. (2004). Viral marketing or electronic word- of-mouth advertising: examining consumer responses and motivations to pass along email. Journal of Advertising Research, 44(4), 333-348.
Pinantoan, A. (2015) How To Massively Boost Your Blog Traffic With These 5 Awesome Image Stats. Buzzsumo. Retrieved from https://buzzsumo.com/blog/how-to-massively-boost-your-blog-traffic-with-these-5-awesome-image-stats/
Pinsky, D. (2006). Narcissism and celebrity. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 463-471.
Pornsakulvanich, V. (2017). Personality, attitudes, social influences, and social networking site usage predicting online social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 255-262.
Quan-Haase, A., Mo, G. Y., & Wellman, B. (2017). Connected seniors: How older adults in East York exchange social support online and offline. Information, Communication & Society, 20(7), 967-983.
Rains, S. A., & Keating, D. M. (2011). The social dimension of blogging about health: Health blogging, social support, and well-being. Communication Monographs, 78(4), 511-534.
Raskin, V. (1997). Is humor always good for you? Paper presented at the Colloquium on Humor and Health, Edmond, OK.
Reinecke, L., & Trepte, S. (2014). Authenticity and well-being on social network sites: A two-wave longitudinal study on the effects of online authenticity and the positivity bias in SNS communication. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 95-102.
Robbins, D., Bray, J. F., Irvin, J. R., & Wise, P. S. (1974). Memorial strategy and imagery: An interaction between instructions and rated imagery. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102(4), 706-709.
Rodríguez Estrada, F. C., & Davis, L. S. (2015). Improving visual communication of science through the incorporation of graphic design theories and practices into science communication. Science Communication, 37(1), 140-148.
Ronningstam, E. (2009). Narcissistic personality disorder: Facing DSM-V. Psychiatric Annals, 39, 111-121.
Rose, P. (2002). The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 379-391.
Ruch, W. (2001). The perception of humor. Emotion, qualia, and consciousness, 410-425. Tokyo: Word Scientific Publisher. https://doi. org/10.1142/9789812810687_0032
Ruch, W., & McGhee, P. E. (2014). Humor intervention programs. The Wiley Blackwell handbook of Positive Psychological Interventions, 179-193.
Ruch, W., Rodden, F. A., & Proyer, R. T. (2011). Humor and other positive interventions in medical and therapeutic settings. The art and science of health care: Psychology and Human Factors for Practitioners, 277-294.
Ruth, J. A. (2001). Promoting a brand's emotion benefits: The influence of emotion categorization processes on consumer evaluations. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 11(2), 99-113.
Ryan, T., & Xenos, S. (2011). Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the relationship between the Big Five, shyness, narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1658-1664.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
Sarah Krill Williston, M.A. (2017). How to Reduce the Negative Effects of Mental Health Stigma and Discrimination. Retrieved from https://www.anxiety.org/strengthen-your-social-support-network-to-lessen-effects-of-mental-health-stigma
Sarason, I. G., Levine, H. M., Basham, R. B., & Sarason, B. R. (1983). Assessing social support: The social support questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 127-139.
Sashi, C. M. (2012). Customer engagement, buyer-seller relationships, and social media. Management Decision, 50(2), 253-272.
Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69(5), 379-399.
Schröder-Abé, M., & Fatfouta, R. (2019). Shades of narcissistic dishonesty: Grandiose versus vulnerable narcissism and the role of self-conscious emotions. Journal of Economic Psychology, 71, 148-158.
Sedikides, C., Rudich, E. A., Gregg, A. P., Kumashiro, M., & Rusbult, C. (2004). Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy? Self-esteem matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 400–416.
Seidman, G. (2013). Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: How personality influences social media use and motivations. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 402-407.
Seo, M., Kim, J., & Yang, H. (2016). Frequent interaction and fast feedback predict perceived social support: Using crawled and self-reported data of Facebook users. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(4), 282-297.
Sherman, G. D., Haidt, J., & Coan, J. A. (2009). Viewing cute images increases behavioral carefulness. Emotion, 9(2), 282-286.
Sherry, S. B., Gralnick, T. M., Hewitt, P. L., Sherry, D. L., & Flett, G. L. (2014). Perfectionism and narcissism: Testing unique relationships and gender differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 61, 52-56.
Small, D. A., & Verrochi, N. M. (2009). The face of need: Facial emotion expression on charity advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research, 46(6), 777-787.
Soroka, S. N. (2012). The gatekeeping function: Distributions of information in media and the real world. The Journal of Politics, 74(2), 514-528.
Spence, J. T. and Helmreich, R. L. (1983). Achievement-related motives and behaviors. Achievement and Achievement Motives: Psychological and Sociological Approaches, 7-74.
Spotts, H. E., Weinberger, M. G., & Parsons, A. L. (1997). Assessing the use and impact of humor on advertising effectiveness: A contingency approach. Journal of Advertising, 26(3), 17-32.
Steers, M. L. N., Wickham, R. E., & Acitelli, L. K. (2014). Seeing everyone else's highlight reels: How Facebook usage is linked to depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33(8), 701-731.
Stein Joel (2013) Millennials: The Me Me Me Generation. TIME.COM. Retrieved from http://time.com/247/millennials-the-me-me-me-generation/
Steinberg, N. (2016, July 20). Meet Japan’s Kumamon, the bear who earns billion. The BBC. Retrieved from http://www.bbc. com/future/story/20160719-meet-japans-kumamon-thebear-who-earns-billions
Tortoriello, G. K., & Hart, W. (2018). Modeling the interplay between narcissism, relational motives, and jealousy-induced responses to infidelity threat. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(7), 2156-2179.
Totan, T., Doğan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2013). Emotional self-efficacy, emotional empathy and emotional approach coping as sources of happiness. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 8(2), 247-256.
Turley, D., & O'Donohoe, S. (2012). The sadness of lives and the comfort of things: Goods as evocative objects in bereavement. Journal of Marketing Management, 28(11-12), 1331-1353.
Twenge, J. M. (2013). Does online social media lead to social connection or social disconnection?. Journal of College and Character, 14(1), 11-20.
Twenge, J.M., (2001). Changes in women’s assertiveness in response to status and roles: a cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1931-1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 133-145.
Twenge, J.M., & Campbell, S.M., (2008). Generational differences in psychological traits and their impact on the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 862-877.
Twenge, J., Konrath, S., Foster, J., Campbell, W., & Bushman, B. (2008). Further evidence of an increase in narcissism among college students. Journal of Personality, 76(4), 919-928.
Twenge, J.M. & Foster, J.D., (2010). Birth cohort increases in narcissistic personality traits among American college students, 1982-2009. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 99-106.
Valentino, N. A., Brader, T., Groenendyk, E. W., Gregorowicz, K., & Hutchings, V. L. (2011). Election night’s alright for fighting: The role of emotions in political participation. The Journal of Politics, 73(1), 156-170.
Vallor, S. (2010). Social networking technology and the virtues. Ethics and Information Technology, 12(2), 157-170.
Veenhoven, R. (1993). Happiness in nations. Subjective appreciation of life in, 56, 1946-1992.
Walter, H. (2012). Social cognitive neuroscience of empathy: concepts, circuits, and genes. Emotion Review, 4(1), 9-17.
Wang, J. L., Jackson, L. A., Gaskin, J., & Wang, H. Z. (2014). The effects of Social Networking Site (SNS) use on college students’ friendship and well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 229-236.
Warren, C., Barsky, A., & Mcgraw, A. P. (2018). Humor, comedy, and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(3), 529-552.
Waterloo, S. F., Baumgartner, S. E., Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2017). Norms of online expressions of emotion: Comparing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1813-1831.
Weinberger, M. G., & Gulas, C. S. (1992). The impact of humor in advertising: A review. Journal of Advertising, 21(4), 35-59.
Wellenzohn, S., Proyer, R. T., & Ruch, W. (2016). Humor-based online positive psychology interventions: a randomized placebo-controlled long-term trial. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(6), 584-594.
Westman, M., Shadach, E., & Keinan, G. (2013). The crossover of positive and negative emotions: The role of state empathy. International Journal of Stress Management, 20(2), 116-133.
White, S. and Winzelberg A. (1992). Laughter and stress. Humor, 5, 343-355.
Wills, E. R., & Fecteau, A. (2016). Humor and identity on Twitter: # muslimcandyheartrejects as a digital space for identity construction. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 36(1), 32-45.
Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of personality and social psychology, 61(4), 590-597.
Xenos, M. A., Macafee, T., & Pole, A. (2017). Understanding variations in user response to social media campaigns: A study of Facebook posts in the 2010 US elections. New Media & Society, 19(6), 826-842.
Vuorela, T. (2005). Laughing matters: A case study of humor in multicultural business negotiations. Negotiation Journal, 21(1), 105-130
Zaglia, M. E. (2013). Brand communities embedded in social networks. Journal of Business Research, 66(2), 216-223.
Zand, J., Spreen, A. N., & LaValle, J. B. (1999). Smart medicine for healthier living. Penguin.
Ziv, A. (1984). Personality and sense of humor, New York: Springer, NY.
Zhao, X., & Basnyat, I. (2018). Online social support for “danqin Mama”: A case study of parenting discussion forum for unwed single mothers in China. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 12-21.