雖然社會企業，社會企業家和性別差異等議題分別得到了廣泛的研究，但鮮少有文獻去探究社會企業家之性別差異會如何影響社會企業的績效。
因此，本文研究旨在探討性別差異，促進和預防重點以及經濟導向活動和社會導向活動之間的關係。本研究透過調查95名社會企業的創辦人、執行長或高階經理人，分析資料發現性別差異本身，並不會有顯著的調節焦點傾向且對於公司內的決策或採取的行動可能沒有差異，而是個體不同程度的調節焦點會導致不同的行動跟目標決策傾向，進而影響其行為表現。

While the issues of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and gender differences have been extensively, investigated respectively, little literature has examined how different genders of social entrepreneur influence their actions and decisions. Therefore, this paper studies the relationships among gender differences, promotion and prevention focus and economic oriented activities and social oriented activities. This research included a survey, composed of two sets of surveys regarding the state of individuals’ chronic regulatory foci, as well as demographics and the information of social enterprises. 95 social enterprises’ funders, CEOs or senior managers participated in the study. The quantitative analysis of the survey was conducted through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, factor analysis, and a multiple linear regression in order to indicate the direction and relationship among variables. To conclude, This study found gender differences itself do not have a significant tendency to both regulatory foci and may have no difference in decision-making or actions taken in the company, but the different degrees of individual's regulatory foci can lead to different tendencies of actions and decisions, and then affect their behaviors.

論文審定書...........................................................i
誌謝.....................................................................ii
中文摘要.............................................................iii
英文摘要.............................................................iv
目錄.....................................................................v
圖次...................................................................vii
表次...................................................................vii
第一章 緒論........................................................1
第一節 研究背景...............................................1
第二節 研究目標與架構....................................3

第二章 文獻探討與假說發展..............................4
第一節 社會企業與社會創業家精神.................4
第二節 調節焦點理論.......................................8
第三節 調節焦點觀點下的社會創業家精神...11
第四節 性別差異............................................14
第五節 調節焦點觀點下的性別差異..............16
第六節 性別差異、調節焦點與目標追求......17

第三章 研究設計與方法....................................19
第一節 研究對象及樣本描述..........................19
第二節 研究變項之定義與測量......................21
第三節 資料處理及分析方法..........................24

第四章 研究結果與分析....................................26
第一節 因素分析.............................................26
第二節 信度分析..............................................28
第三節 敘述統計與皮爾森相關係數................28
第四節 迴歸分析..............................................30
第五節 Sobel Test檢驗中介效果.....................34

第五章 討論與建議............................................35
第一節 研究發現..............................................35
第二節 管理意涵..............................................38
第三節 研究限制與建議..................................40
第四節 結論.....................................................41
參考文獻...........................................................42
附錄 量化問卷...................................................59

Aaker, J. L., & Lee, A. Y. (2001). “I” seek pleasures and “we” avoid pains: The role of
self-regulatory goals in information processing and persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(1), 33-49.
Aghazadeh, S. M. (2004). Managing workforce diversity as an essential resource for improving organizational performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 53(6), 521-531.
Ahtola, O. T. (1985). Hedonic and utilitarian aspects of consumer behavior: An attitudinal perspective. ACR North American Advances.
Alegre, I., & Berbegal-Mirabent, J. (2016). Social innovation success factors: hospitality and tourism social enterprises. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(6), 1155-1176.
Alvord, S. H., Brown, L. D., & Letts, C. W. (2004). Social entrepreneurship and societal transformation: An exploratory study. The journal of applied behavioral science, 40(3), 260-282.
Allen, R. S., Dawson, G., Wheatley, K., & White, C. S. (2007). Perceived diversity and organizational performance. Employee Relations, 30(1), 20-33.
Arena, M., Azzone, G., & Bengo, I. (2015). Performance measurement for social enterprises. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 26(2), 649-672.
Atty, A. M. A., Moustafasoliman, M., & Youssef, A. E. (2018). The Effect of Board of Directors Characteristics on Firm’s Financial Performance: An Empirical Study on the Most Active Firms in the Egyptian Stock Exchange. Open Access Library Journal, 5(11), 1-19.
Austin, J., Stevenson, H., & Wei-Skillern, J. (2012). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: same, different, or both?. Revista de Administração, 47(3), 370-384.
Bacq, S., Ofstein, L. F., Kickul, J. R., & Gundry, L. K. (2015). Bricolage in social entrepreneurship: How creative resource mobilization fosters greater social impact. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 16(4), 283-289.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94.
Banks, J. A (1970). The sociology of social movements. London : Macmillan.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173.
Bauwens, T., Huybrechts, B., & Dufays, F. (2019). Understanding the diverse scaling strategies of social enterprises as hybrid organizations: the case of renewable energy cooperatives. Organization & Environment, 1086026619837126.
Bernardino, S., Santos, J. F., & Ribeiro, J. C. (2018). Social entrepreneur and gender: what’s personality got to do with it?. International journal of gender and entrepreneurship.
Boldero, J. M., & Higgins, E. T. (2011). Regulatory focus and political decision making: When people favor reform over the status quo. Political Psychology, 32(3), 399-418.
Bikse, V., Rivza, B., & Riemere, I. (2015). The social entrepreneur as a promoter of social advancement. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 185, 469-478.
Bird, B., Schjoedt, L., & Baum, J. R. (2012). Editor's introduction. Entrepreneurs’ behavior: Elucidation and measurement. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 36(5), 889-913.
Borquist, B. R., & de Bruin, A. (2019). Values and women-led social entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship.
Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods: Comparative studies in behavioral science. New York, NY: A Wiley-Intersection Publication.
Brockner, J., & Higgins, E. T. (2001). Regulatory focus theory: Implications for the study of emotions at work. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 86(1), 35-66.
Brockner, J., Higgins, E. T., & Low, M. B. (2004). Regulatory focus theory and the entrepreneurial process. Journal of business venturing, 19(2), 203-220.
Brush, C. G. (1992). Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 16(4), 5-30.
Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 125(3), 367.
Carsrud, A., & Brännback, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial motivations: what do we still need to know?. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 9-26.
Chaganti, R. & S. Parasuraman (1996) A study of the impacts of gender on business performance and management patterns in small businesses, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Winter 1996, 73-75.
Chell, E. (2007). Social enterprise and entrepreneurship: towards a convergent theory of the entrepreneurial process. International small business journal, 25(1), 5-26.
Chell, E., Nicolopoulou, K., & Karataş-Özkan, M. (2010). Social entrepreneurship and enterprise: International and innovation perspectives.
Chell, E., Spence, L. J., Perrini, F., & Harris, J. D. (2016). Social entrepreneurship and business ethics: Does social equal ethical?. Journal of business ethics, 133(4), 619-625.
Chin, J. L., Lott, B., Rice, J., & Sanchez-Hucles, J. (Eds.). (2008). Women and leadership: Transforming visions and diverse voices. John Wiley & Sons.
Clark, K. D., Newbert, S. L., & Quigley, N. R. (2018). The motivational drivers underlying for-profit venture creation: Comparing social and commercial entrepreneurs. International Small Business Journal, 36(2), 220-241.
Costin, Y. (2012). In pursuit of growth: an insight into the experience of female entrepreneurs. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 108-127.
Coughlin, M., & O'Connor, P. J. (1985). Gender role portrayals in advertising: An individual differences analysis. ACR North American Advances.
Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic literature, 47(2), 448-74.
Crowe, E., & Higgins, E. T. (1997). Regulatory focus and strategic inclinations: Promotion and prevention in decision-making. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 69(2), 117-132.
Crucke, S., & Decramer, A. (2016). The development of a measurement instrument for the organizational performance of social enterprises. Sustainability, 8(2), 161.
Darley, W. K., & Smith, R. E. (1995). Gender differences in information processing strategies: An empirical test of the selectivity model in advertising response. Journal of advertising, 24(1), 41-56.
Dart, R. (2004). The legitimacy of social enterprise. Nonprofit management and leadership, 14(4), 411-424.
Dees, J. G. (1998). Enterprising nonprofits. Harvard business review, 76, 54-69.
Dees, J. G., & Anderson, B. B. (2003). For-profit social ventures. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 2(1), 1-26.
Dees, J. G., & Elias, J. (1998). The Challenges of Combining Social and Commercial Enterprise-University-Business Partnerships: An AssessmentNorman E. Bowie Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1994. Business ethics quarterly, 8(1), 165-178.
Defourny, J., Nyssens, M., Thys, S., & Xhauflair, V. (2007). Beyond philanthropy: When philanthropy becomes social entrepreneurship. In 6th Conference of the European Research Network on Philanthropy (pp. 1-33).
Dixon, S. E., & Clifford, A. (2007). Ecopreneurship–a new approach to managing the triple bottom line. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20(3), 326-345.
Doherty, B., Haugh, H., & Lyon, F. (2014). Social enterprises as hybrid organizations: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 16(4), 417-436.
Ebrahim, A., Battilana, J., & Mair, J. (2014). The governance of social enterprises: Mission drift and accountability challenges in hybrid organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 34, 81-100.
El Ebrashi, R. (2013). Social entrepreneurship theory and sustainable social impact. Social Responsibility Journal, 9(2), 188-209.
Fellner, B., Holler, M., Kirchler, E., & Schabmann, A. (2007). Regulatory focus scale (RFS): Development of a scale to record dispositional regulatory focus. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 66(2), 109-116.
Field, A. (2017). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics: North American edition. Sage.
Fischer, D., Mauer, R., & Brettel, M. (2018). Regulatory focus theory and sustainable entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(2), 408-428.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics.
Förster, J., Higgins, E. T., & Strack, F. (2000). When stereotype disconfirmation is a personal threat: How prejudice and prevention focus moderate incongruency effects. Social Cognition, 18(2), 178-197.
Friedman, R. S., & Förster, J. (2001). The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity. Journal of personality and social psychology, 81(6), 1001.
Gamache, D. L., McNamara, G., Mannor, M. J., & Johnson, R. E. (2015). Motivated to acquire? The impact of CEO regulatory focus on firm acquisitions. Academy of Management Journal, 58(4), 1261-1282.
Gino, F., & Margolis, J. D. (2011). Bringing ethics into focus: How regulatory focus and risk preferences influence (un) ethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 145-156.
Gómez, M., Isaac, J., & Calleja Blanco, J. (2018). The relationship between women’s presence in corporate positions and firm performance: The case of Colombia.
Gray, B., Kirkwood, J., Monahan, E., & Etemaddar, M. (2019). Internal factors influencing effective opportunity identification in a Tongan social enterprise. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 31(4), 323-347.
Gupta, S., Beninger, S., & Ganesh, J. (2015). A hybrid approach to innovation by social enterprises: lessons from Africa. Social Enterprise Journal, 11(1), 89-112.
Haugh, H., & Sugar, K. (2017). Social Entrepreneur Strategizing: Making Sense of Conflicting Demands. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2017, No. 1, p. 12940). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
Haws, K. L., Dholakia, U. M., & Bearden, W. O. (2010). An assessment of chronic regulatory focus measures. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(5), 967-982.
Hechavarria, D. M., Terjesen, S. A., Ingram, A. E., Renko, M., Justo, R., & Elam, A. (2017). Taking care of business: The impact of culture and gender on entrepreneurs’ blended value creation goals. Small Business Economics, 48(1), 225-257.
Heise, M. (1998). The importance of being empirical. Pepp. L. Rev., 26, 807.
Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American psychologist, 52(12), 1280.
Higgins, E. T. (1989). Continuities and discontinuities in self‐regulatory and self‐evaluative processes: A developmental theory relating self and affect. Journal of personality, 57(2), 407-444.
Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 1-46). Academic Press.
Higgins, E. T. (2006). Value from hedonic experience and engagement. Psychological review, 113(3), 439.
Higgins, E. T. (2012). Regulatory focus theory.
Higgins, E. T., Cesario, J., Hagiwara, N., Spiegel, S., & Pittman, T. (2010). Increasing or decreasing interest in activities: The role of regulatory fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(4), 559.
Higgins, E. T., Roney, C. J., Crowe, E., & Hymes, C. (1994). Ideal versus ought predilections for approach and avoidance distinct self-regulatory systems. Journal of personality and social psychology, 66(2), 276.
Higgins, E. T., Shah, J., & Friedman, R. (1997). Emotional responses to goal attainment: strength of regulatory focus as moderator. Journal of personality and social psychology, 72(3), 515.
Hmieleski, K. M., & Baron, R. A. (2008). Regulatory focus and new venture performance: A study of entrepreneurial opportunity exploitation under conditions of risk versus uncertainty. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(4), 285-299.
Hoobler, J. M., Masterson, C. R., Nkomo, S. M., & Michel, E. J. (2018). The business case for women leaders: Meta-analysis, research critique, and path forward. Journal of Management, 44(6), 2473-2499.
Johnson, P. D., Smith, M. B., Wallace, J. C., Hill, A. D., & Baron, R. A. (2015). A review of multilevel regulatory focus in organizations. Journal of Management, 41(5), 1501-1529.
Johnson, R. E., Chang, C. H., & Yang, L. Q. (2010). Commitment and motivation at work: The relevance of employee identity and regulatory focus. Academy of management review, 35(2), 226-245.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
Kakabadse, N. K., Figueira, C., Nicolopoulou, K., Hong Yang, J., Kakabadse, A. P., & Özbilgin, M. F. (2015). Gender diversity and board performance: Women's experiences and perspectives. Human Resource Management, 54(2), 265-281.
Kark, R., & van Dijk, D. (2007). Motivation to lead, motivation to follow: The role of the self-regulatory focus in leadership processes. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 500-528.
Kark, R., van Dijk, D., & Vashdi, D. R. (2018). Motivated or Demotivated to Be Creative: The Role of Self‐Regulatory Focus in Transformational and Transactional Leadership Processes. Applied Psychology, 67(1), 186-224.
Kedmenec, I., & Strašek, S. (2017). Are some cultures more favourable for social entrepreneurship than others?. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 30(1), 1461-1476.
Kees, J., Burton, S., & Tangari, A. H. (2010). The impact of regulatory focus, temporal orientation, and fit on consumer responses to health-related advertising. Journal of Advertising, 39(1), 19-34.
Keller, P. A. (2006). Regulatory focus and efficacy of health messages. Journal of Consumer Research, 33(1), 109-114.
Kirmani, A., & Zhu, R. (2007). Vigilant against manipulation: The effect of regulatory focus on the use of persuasion knowledge. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(4), 688-701.
Klinger, B., & Schündeln, M. (2011). Can entrepreneurial activity be taught? Quasi-experimental evidence from Central America. World Development, 39(9), 1592-1610.
Kuckertz, A., & Wagner, M. (2010). The influence of sustainability orientation on entrepreneurial intentions—Investigating the role of business experience. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(5), 524-539.
Kundu, S. C. (2001). Managing cross-cultural diversity. Delhi Business Review, 2(2).
Lane, M. J. (2011). Social Enterprises: A New Business Form Driving Social Change. The Young Lawyer, 16(3), 2011-12.
Langrehr, F. W. (1991). Retail shopping mall semiotics and hedonic consumption. ACR North American Advances.
Lee, A. Y., & Aaker, J. L. (2004). Bringing the frame into focus: the influence of regulatory fit on processing fluency and persuasion. Journal of personality and social psychology, 86(2), 205.
Liang, C. T., Peng, L. P., Yao, S. N., & Liang, C. (2015). Developing a Social Enterprise Performance Scale and Examining the Relationship Between Entrepreneurs’ Personality Traits and Their Perceived Enterprise Performance. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 11(3), 89-116.
Lockwood, P., Jordan, C. H., & Kunda, Z. (2002). Motivation by positive or negative role models: regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of personality and social psychology, 83(4), 854.
McKay-Nesbitt, J., Bhatnagar, N., & Smith, M. C. (2013). Regulatory fit effects of gender and marketing message content. Journal of Business Research, 66(11), 2245-2251.
Martin, R. L., & Osberg, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: The case for definition.
Meyers-Levy, J., & Loken, B. (2015). Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies ahead. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(1), 129-149.
Millar, R., & Hall, K. (2013). Social return on investment (SROI) and performance measurement: The opportunities and barriers for social enterprises in health and social care. Public Management Review, 15(6), 923-941.
Minniti, M. (2009). Gender issues in entrepreneurship. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 5(7–8), 497-621.
Moore DP, Buttner EH (1997) Women Entrepreneurs: Moving Beyond the Glass Ceiling. Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks, USA.
Muñoz, P., & Dimov, D. (2015). The call of the whole in understanding the development of sustainable ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(4), 632-654.
Nason, R. S., Bacq, S., & Gras, D. (2018). A behavioral theory of social performance: Social identity and stakeholder expectations. Academy of Management Review, 43(2), 259-283.
Nasruddin, E., Misaridin, F., & Aulia, N. (2014). INNOVATION FOR A SOCIAL ENTERPRISE BUSINESS MODEL: AN ANALYSIS OF KEY SUCCESS FACTORS. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 7.
Neubert, M. J., Kacmar, K. M., Carlson, D. S., Chonko, L. B., & Roberts, J. A. (2008). Regulatory focus as a mediator of the influence of initiating structure and servant leadership on employee behavior. Journal of applied psychology, 93(6), 1220.
Nga, J. K. H., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of business ethics, 95(2), 259-282.
Nkomo, S. M., & Cox, T. (1996). Diversity identities in organizations” i SR Clegg, C Hardy & WR Nord (eds) Handbook of organizations studies.
Orellana-Damacela, L. E., Tindale, R. S., & Suárez-Balcázar, Y. (2000). Decisional and behavioral procrastination: How they relate to self-discrepancies. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15.
Ouschan, L., Boldero, J. M., Kashima, Y., Wakimoto, R., & Kashima, E. S. (2007). Regulatory focus strategies scale: A measure of individual differences in the endorsement of regulatory strategies. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 10(4), 243-257.
Oyebade, O. A. (2019). Workforce Diversity Management Implementation: A recommendation for Company X.
Parasuraman, S. and Simmers, C.A. (2001), “Type of employment, work-family conflict and well-being: a comparative study”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 22 No. 5, pp. 551-68.
Pine, F. (1989). Motivation, personality organization, and the four psychologies of psychoanalysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 37(1), 31-64.
Powell, M., & Ansic, D. (1997). Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: An experimental analysis. Journal of economic psychology, 18(6), 605-628.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-891.
Pula, K., Parks, C. D., & Ross, C. F. (2014). Regulatory focus and food choice motives. Prevention orientation associated with mood, convenience, and familiarity. Appetite, 78, 15-22.
Rahim, H. L., & Mohtar, S. (2015). Social entrepreneurship: A different perspective. International Academic Research Journal of Business and Technology, 1(1), 9-15.
Raisiene, A. G., & Urmanavičienė, A. (2017). Mission Drift in a Hybrid Organization: How Can Social Business Combine its Dual Goals?. Ekonomski vjesnik: Review of Contemporary Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economic Issues, 30(2), 301-310.
Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychological bulletin, 132(1), 98.
Ruskin, J., Seymour, R. G., & Webster, C. M. (2016). Why create value for others? An exploration of social entrepreneurial motives. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(4), 1015-1037.
Ryan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2007). The glass cliff: Exploring the dynamics surrounding the appointment of women to precarious leadership positions. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 549-572.
Sabatier, M. (2015). A women’s boom in the boardroom: effects on performance?. Applied Economics, 47(26), 2717-2727.
Saebi, T., Foss, N. J., & Linder, S. (2019). Social entrepreneurship research: Past achievements and future promises. Journal of Management, 45(1), 70-95.
Sastre‐Castillo, M. A., Peris‐Ortiz, M., & Danvila‐Del Valle, I. (2015). What is different about the profile of the social entrepreneur?. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 25(4), 349-369.
Scholer, A. A., Zou, X., Fujita, K., Stroessner, S. J., & Higgins, E. T. (2010). When risk seeking becomes a motivational necessity. Journal of personality and social psychology, 99(2), 215.
Seibt, B., & Förster, J. (2004). Stereotype threat and performance: How self-stereotypes influence processing by inducing regulatory foci. Journal of personality and social psychology, 87(1), 38.
Sekliuckiene, J., & Kisielius, E. (2015). Development of social entrepreneurship initiatives: a theoretical framework. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 213, 1015-1019.
Sengupta, S., & Sahay, A. (2017). Social entrepreneurship research in Asia-Pacific: Perspectives and opportunities. Social Enterprise Journal, 13(1), 17-37.
Sexton, D. L., & Bowman-Upton, N. (1990). Female and male entrepreneurs: Psychological characteristics and their role in gender-related discrimination. Journal of business venturing, 5(1), 29-36.
Shah, J., Higgins, T., & Friedman, R. S. (1998). Performance incentives and means: how regulatory focus influences goal attainment. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(2), 285.
Shin, C. (2018). How Social Entrepreneurs Affect Performance of Social Enterprises in Korea: The Mediating Effect of Innovativeness. Sustainability, 10(8), 2643.
Shinnar, R. S., Giacomin, O., & Janssen, F. (2012). Entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions: The role of gender and culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice, 36(3), 465-493.
Shmailan, A. B. (2016). Compare the characteristics of male and female entrepreneurs as explorative study. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Organization Management, 5(4), 1-7.
Shu, T. M., & Lam, S. F. (2011). Are success and failure experiences equally motivational? An investigation of regulatory focus and feedback. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(6), 724-727.
Siebold, N., Günzel-Jensen, F., & Müller, S. (2018). Balancing dual missions for social venture growth: a comparative case study. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 1-25.
Simmons, S. A., Carr, J. C., Hsu, D. K., & Shu, C. (2016). The regulatory fit of serial entrepreneurship intentions. Applied Psychology, 65(3), 605-627.
Smith, B. R., Kistruck, G. M., & Cannatelli, B. (2016). The impact of moral intensity and desire for control on scaling decisions in social entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(4), 677-689.
Smith, J. H. (1977). The pleasure principle. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 58, 1-10.d). Managing social-business tensions: A review and research agenda for social enterprise. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(3), 407-442.
Smith, W. K., & Besharov, M. L. (2019). Bowing before dual gods: How structured flexibility sustains organizational hybridity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 64(1), 1-44.
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological methodology, 13, 290-312.
Stephan, U., & Drencheva, A. (2017). The person in social entrepreneurship: A systematic review of research on the social entrepreneurial personality. The Wiley handbook of entrepreneurship, 205-229.
Sullivan Mort, G., Weerawardena, J., & Carnegie, K. (2003). Social entrepreneurship: Towards conceptualisation. International journal of nonprofit and voluntary sector marketing, 8(1), 76-88.
Summerville, A., & Roese, N. J. (2008). Self-report measures of individual differences in regulatory focus: A cautionary note. Journal of research in personality, 42(1), 247-254.
Svirina, A., Zabbarova, A., & Oganisjana, K. (2016). Implementing open innovation concept in social business. Journal of open innovation: Technology, market, and Complexity, 2(4), 20.
Tereza Leme Fleury, M. (1999). The management of culture diversity: lessons from Brazilian companies. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 99(3), 109-114.
Urban, B., & Kujinga, L. (2017). The institutional environment and social entrepreneurship intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(4), 638-655.
Uskul, A. K., Sherman, D. K., & Fitzgibbon, J. (2009). The cultural congruency effect: Culture, regulatory focus, and the effectiveness of gain-vs. loss-framed health messages. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(3), 535-541.
van Noort, G., Kerkhof, P., & Fennis, B. M. (2007). Online versus conventional shopping: Consumers' risk perception and regulatory focus. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 731-733.
Verheul, I., Risseeuw, P., & Bartelse, G. (2002). Gender differences in strategy and human resource management: The case of Dutch real estate brokerage. International Small Business Journal, 20(4), 443-476.
Verheul, I., Uhlaner, L., & Thurik, R. (2005). Business accomplishments, gender and entrepreneurial self-image. Journal of business venturing, 20(4), 483-518.
Vial, V. (2016). A business model canvas for social enterprises. Sains Humanika, 8(1-2).
Wallace, C., & Chen, G. (2006). A multilevel integration of personality, climate, self‐regulation, and performance. Personnel Psychology, 59(3), 529-557.
Weerawardena, J., & Mort, G. S. (2006). Investigating social entrepreneurship: A multidimensional model. Journal of world business, 41(1), 21-35.
Wentling, R. M., & Palma‐Rivas, N. (2000). Current status of diversity initiatives in selected multinational corporations. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 11(1), 35-60.
Wry, T., & York, J. G. (2017). An identity-based approach to social enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 42(3), 437-460.
Yordanova, D., & Davidkov, T. (2009). Similarities and differences between female and male entrepreneurs in a transition context: Evidence from Bulgaria. Journal of Applied Economic Sciences, 4(4), 571-582.
Young, D. R. (2012). The state of theory and research on social enterprises. In Social Enterprises (pp. 19-46). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Yitshaki, R., & Kropp, F. (2016). Motivations and opportunity recognition of social entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(2), 546-565.
Zhao, G., & Pechmann, C. (2007). The impact of regulatory focus on adolescents’ response to antismoking advertising campaigns. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(4), 671-687.
Zhao, X., Lynch Jr, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of consumer research, 37(2), 197-206.